The field of quantum computing is rapidly growing, with near term applications immediately available for use. The application of quantum computing to machine learning (i.e., quantum machine learning) is similarly growing rapidly. The presence of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era computers is further enabling research in the area. Historically, the barrier to entry of quantum computing has been nearly insurmountable for computer science students, or any other students who lack a strong physics background. However, quantum computing and quantum machine learning are becoming increasingly accessible, regardless of background. The goal of this paper is to present and demonstrate that the field is accessible to computer science students and to provide a sample curriculum. This curriculum can be used in a standalone class or as part of another machine learning class, as the authors have done.
The field of quantum computing is rapidly growing, with near term applications immediately available for use. The application of quantum computing to machine learning (i.e., quantum machine learning) is similarly growing rapidly. The presence of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era computers is further enabling research in the area. Historically, the barrier to entry of quantum computing has been nearly insurmountable for computer science students, or any other students who lack a strong physics background. However, quantum computing and quantum machine learning are becoming increasingly accessible, regardless of background. The goal of this paper is to present and demonstrate that the field is accessible to computer science students and to provide a sample curriculum. This curriculum can be used in a standalone class or as part of another machine learning class, as the authors have done.
Learning compressed, latent representations of quantum states can help us understand and simulate the natural world. To this end, one needs devices that can capture and reliably process information using quantum-mechanical effects. Whilst we currently lack a device that can achieve this goal, we are well into the era of noisy, intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers—quantum machines with 50−100 noisy qubits—which have catalysed machine learning applications. This chapter provides the main ideas underpinning learning with NISQ machines. It also provides insight into the architectures and training schemes currently in use, as well as the limitations and potential futures of the field.
Quantum machine learning (QML) is a rapidly growing field that combines quantum computing principles with traditional machine learning. It seeks to revolutionize machine learning by harnessing the unique capabilities of quantum mechanics and employs machine learning techniques to advance quantum computing research. This paper presents an overview of quantum computing for the machine learning paradigm, where variational quantum circuits (VQC) are used to develop QML architectures on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. We discuss machine learning for the quantum computing paradigm, showcasing our recent theoretical and empirical findings. In particular, we delve into future directions for studying QML, exploring the potential industrial impacts of QML research.
Quantum computing is a rapidly growing field that has received a significant amount of support in the past decade in industry and academia. Several physical quantum computers are now freely available to use through cloud services, with some implementations supporting upwards of hundreds of qubits. These advances mark the beginning of the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era of quantum computing, paving the way for hybrid quantum-classical systems. This work provides an introductory overview of gate-model quantum computing through the Visual IoT/Robotics Programming Language Environment and a survey of recent applications of NISQ era quantum computers to hybrid quantum-classical machine learning.
Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm capable of addressing computational challenges beyond the reach of classical systems.In the current era of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, practical quantum hardware is characterized by limited qubit counts, short coherence times, gate errors, and the absence of full error correction.Despite these constraints, significant progress has been made in developing quantum machine learning (QML) techniques tailored to operate on near-term quantum processors.This paper presents a comprehensive review of Quantum Machine Learning in the context of NISQ computing.We first outline the fundamental principles of quantum computing, including qubits, superposition, entanglement, and quantum parallelism, followed by a detailed discussion of the NISQ computing model and its hardware limitations.The review then examines hybrid quantum-classical learning frameworks, variational quantum algorithms, quantum data encoding strategies, and noise mitigation techniques that enable practical implementation on existing platforms.Emerging applications across healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, climate modeling, and materials science are also surveyed to highlight the real-world potential of QML.Furthermore, key challenges such as scalability, trainability issues, and algorithmic robustness are analyzed, along with current research efforts aimed at overcoming these barriers.The paper concludes by identifying promising future directions for advancing QML toward quantum advantage.This review aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a structured understanding of the capabilities, limitations, and opportunities of quantum machine learning in the NISQ era .
The intersection of machine learning and quantum computing has been one of the greatest scientific projects in current time. With quantum computing in the offing, the assurance of using quantum mechanical effects in computational learning to transform the world has never been closer. The publication of this book comes at a critical time, when theoretical models are shouldering maturity with capabilities of experimentation, that has brought about great possibilities to implement computational benefits that quantum systems can provide in performing machine learning tasks. Quantum machine learning is one field which has rapidly changed in the last ten years. What was originally viewed as mere theoretical conjecture has now evolved into a living research community which includes rigorous mathematical modeling, novel algorithm design, and more and more complex experimental realisations on the near-term quantum computers. Such change can be characterised by the increasing sophistication of our theory in as well as the revolutionary advances in quantum computing technology, and by the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. Chapters in this book chronologically discuss the complex nature of quantum machine learning, including theoretical principles and challenges of practice. All the chapters cover a very important aspect in this growing area leaving the reader not only with an in-depth analysis but also a wide enough point of view to traverse this somewhat complicated inter-disciplinary area. The book is organized in such a way that that it takes the reader through more advanced parts of the quantum machine learning theory and practice. We start by explaining quantum feature maps, and kernel-type methods and laying the mathematical background on which quantum-enhanced learning is based. There we discuss computational complexity, trainability issues, neural network architectures, scaling of resources, sample complexity limits and the issue critical of quantum data encoding. This book has a variety of audience. The works will also offer exhaustive proposals of key concepts, methodologies and open problems to graduate students and researchers venturing into the field. Individuals who operate quantum computing platforms will have an understanding of the options available when it comes to designing an algorithm and the resources needed, as well as the expectations of its performance. The systematic approach of tackling complexity theorist-foundations and rigorous mathematical analyses will be appreciated by the theorists. Quantum machine learning is interdisciplinary and requires the services and knowledge of quantum physics, computer science, mathematics, and statistics. Although we do not expect our readers to have the basic knowledge of quantum computing and classical machine learning, we give adequate background and references to accommodate other readers of varying technical background. By 2026, quantum machine learning will be on a important crossroads. NISQ has also provided its own stunning demonstrations and harsh lessons on the difficulty of obtaining useful quantum advantage. Other phenomena like barren plateaus have changed the minds of us on the nature of variational quantum algorithm trainability. Resource-efficient quantum learning has been transformed by the advanced measurement protocols, such as classical shadow tomography. The frontier of the implementable quantum algorithms is constantly being pushed by hardware advances. The book reflects the picture of the field in this dynamic time, including the latest theoretical developments, their experiments, and new optimal practices. We admit that quantum machine learning is a fast-developing science, and there are certain spheres of our knowledge that will surely become more profound in the nearest future. The transformative potential of quantum machine learning is still achievable only with further achievements in many dimensions: the theory of when and why quantum algorithms are effective, algorithmic innovations to overcome the limitations of near-term hardware, hardware engineering to overcome qubit quality and system scale, and discovering applications when quantum algorithms and methods and methods offer significant superior practical performance. Hopefully, this book will provide useful guidance to all the existing knowledge and guide to the future innovations. The opportunities are out of the world, yet the challenges are significant. With the ongoing development of quantum hardware capabilities and an ever-increasing theoretical basis, it is quite possible that quantum machine learning will transform the world of approaching the problem of complex computational learning.
Quantum Computing is a fastly growing area with many applications, including quantum machine learning (QML). Due to the rapid increase of computational power, machine learning models based on artificial neural networks (ANN) have become highly effective. Even though classical machine learning models have been performing well, quantum computing with machine learning enhances the performance in multiple ways. This paper studies different aspects of quantum machine learning. It introduces quantum computing over classical computation, followed by the recent tools and techniques developed in the area. We look at multiple QML models like quantum kernel, quantum support vector machine (QSVM), etc. Finally, we present the literature survey to encourage researchers and academicians.