Nonlocal sets of orthogonal product states (OPSs) are widely used in quantum protocols owing to their good property. Thus a lot of attention are paid to how to construct a nonlocal set of orthogonal product states though it is a difficult problem. In this paper, we propose a novel general method to construct a nonlocal set of orthogonal product states in
Cd⊗Cd for
d≥3. We give an ingenious proof for the local indistinguishability of those product states. The set of product states, which are constructed by our method, has a very good structure. Subsequently, we give a construction of nonlocal set of OPSs with smaller members in
Cd⊗Cd for
d≥3. On the other hand, we present two construction methods of nonlocal sets of OPSs in
Cm⊗Cn, where
m≥3 and
n≥3. Furthermore, we propose the concept of isomorphism for two nonlocal sets of OPSs. Our work is of great help to understand the structure and classification of locally indistinguishable OPSs.
Abstract Recently, Halder et al (2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 040403) proposed the concept of strong nonlocality without entanglement: an orthogonal set of fully product states in multipartite quantum systems that is locally irreducible for every bipartition of its subsystems. Due to the complexity of the problem, most results are limited to tripartite systems. Here we consider a weaker form of nonlocality which is called local distinguishability based genuine nonlocality. A set of orthogonal multipartite quantum states is said to be genuinely nonlocal if it is locally indistinguishable for every bipartition of the subsystems. In this work, we study how to construct sets of orthogonal product states which are genuinely nonlocal. Firstly, we present a set of product states with simple structure in bipartite systems that is locally indistinguishable. After that, based on a simple observation, we present a general method to construct genuinely nonlocal sets of multipartite product states by using those sets that are genuinely nonlocal but with less parties. As a consequence, we obtain that genuinely nonlocal sets of fully product states exist in any L parties systems ⨂ i = 1 L C d i provided L ⩾ 3 and d i ⩾ 3 for all i .