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International Conference on Technology and Energy Management (ICTEM)

Application of Optical Wireless Communications in IoT Devices of Smart Grids within Smart Sustainable Cities: With Hybrid Perspectives to Metaverse & Quantum IoT

Ashkan Safari, Hamed Kharrati

Published Feb 8, 2023• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Proposed paper presents a novel hybrid subject in optical wireless communications (OWC) in contribution to IoT devices of smart grids within smart sustainable cities (SSC). OWC and IoT are among the noticeably developing fields being used in smart cities, e-commerce, and even e-health. Accordingly, their constructions are entirely investigated. Also, the Metaverse virtual world, its infrastructures, and applications are expressed to clarify the OWC, IoT applications, and perspectives inherited with this virtual world. Moreover, the important factor in IoT devices, SSCs, and the Metaverse is ultra-secure communication. To cover this subject, quantum technology, quantum cryptography, as well as, quantum key distribution (QKD), and quantum IoT (IoT) for much more secure communication between IoT devices are represented. As another methodology, quantum neural networks (QNN), and their application in secure communication of IoT, and OWC systems are explained. Finally, quantum-based systems were compared with other regular methods and concluded quantum technology-based systems can have the potential to be implemented with optical wireless communications (OWC), IoT devices, and artificial intelligence (AI) to increase the security, and efficiency of communications in IoT constructions of smart sustainable cities (SSCs) elements.

DOI
10.1109/ictem56862.2023.10083835

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Proposed paper presents a novel hybrid subject in optical wireless communications (OWC) in contribution to IoT devices of smart grids within smart sustainable cities (SSC). OWC and IoT are among the noticeably developing fields being used in smart cities, e-commerce, and even e-health. Accordingly, their constructions are entirely investigated. Also, the Metaverse virtual world, its infrastructures, and applications are expressed to clarify the OWC, IoT applications, and perspectives inherited with this virtual world. Moreover, the important factor in IoT devices, SSCs, and the Metaverse is ultra-secure communication. To cover this subject, quantum technology, quantum cryptography, as well as, quantum key distribution (QKD), and quantum IoT (IoT) for much more secure communication between IoT devices are represented. As another methodology, quantum neural networks (QNN), and their application in secure communication of IoT, and OWC systems are explained. Finally, quantum-based systems were compared with other regular methods and concluded quantum technology-based systems can have the potential to be implemented with optical wireless communications (OWC), IoT devices, and artificial intelligence (AI) to increase the security, and efficiency of communications in IoT constructions of smart sustainable cities (SSCs) elements.
This paper presents a practical field of quantum technology and its contribution to smart grids, and their future in smart sustainable cities (SSCs). Smart grids are among the important basis of an SSC, so its factors such as forecasting, optimization, turbine design have a significant role. Based on quantum technology's amazing features, it has conspicuous applications in smart grids including weather prediction, or demand response forecasting. This paper represents SSCs, smart grids, and quantum technology and its use in the ladders. Then, defines the areas of smart grids in which quantum technology can make a noticeable development. Respectively, it compares quantum technology with other regular supercomputing technologies. Ultimately, quantum technology is a kind of technology that has a noticeable contribution potentiality to other technologies to make the world to be processed in a faster, and much more accurate way, and smart grids, SSCs are, also, in this future.
The evolution of smart cities will contribute to an increase in the use of interconnected physical/digital ecosystems, and consequently, an increase in threat surface for the cyber threats against the protected data streams. With the emergence of quantum-based cyberthreats, this has increased the potential range of types of cyber-attacks on protected data and increased the use of quantum-based means of conducting cyber-attacks on protected data. This research proposal presents an Internet of Things (IoT) smart city framework founded on quantum-secure standards that were developed for next-generation IoT smart cities. The IoT Smart City Framework is comprised of four levels of architecture: a Quantum Backbone, a Key Management Level, an Edge Gateway Level, and an IoT Device Layer. Consequently, through the use of this architecture, the IoT Smart City Framework can protect the IoT Smart City Network from future cybercriminal attacks while providing assurance that the IoT Smart City Framework has been 'future-proofed.' By utilizing strategically deployed quantum nodes, the proposed solution performs QKD and frees devices with limited resources from needing to perform highly computationally intensive cryptography in order to secure encrypted communications, instead employing Lightweight Encryption Standards in conjunction with Symmetric Keys established via QKD. Using simulated quantum channels and urban IoT workloads, our experimental results yield secret key rates between 12 and 18 kilobits/sec (kbps) with a low quantum bit error rate (QBER) of 1.8% to 3.2%. Based on these experimental results, we conclude that the proposed hierarchical security architecture provides a resilient security framework for urban essential services, with negligible energy consumption.
In the last decade data-centers have become a crucial element in our society. As a result, in the coming years there will be increased threat from hackers, who could cause outage of the data-center, extract millions of account details, or steal financial and sensitive information. One way to reduce these threats is to divide the data-center into sub data-centers, and connect them by secure links which prevent access by unauthorized users. A possible technology to connect between the sub data-centers is optical wireless communication (OWC) or free space optics (FSO). An OWC link includes an optical receiver and laser transmitter. The transmitter transmits a light beam that carries information which propagates to the receiver. The light beam carrying the information propagates through the air. In order to increase the security and make the penetration and intrusion difficult quantum key distribution (QKD) is added to the link. By doing so the information exchange between the sub data-centers is encrypted. In this paper we review up to date literature in the field, propose an implementation scheme of an OWC network in sub data-centers, and discuss ways to hack the system.
The metaverse intersects with the real world to establish a new era for wireless applications over next generation networks. Nevertheless, these applications are accompanied with a spate of challenges that can hinder their anticipated emergence. In particular, these applications are essentially capped with the profound communication and computing limits pertained by classical networks and end devices. Hence, to reap the full metaverse experience, a major leap that propels the metaverse apart from the classical paradigm of communication, computing, and artificial intelligence (AI) is demanded. In this paper, we shed light on the potential and recent advancements of quantum technologies that can drive the metaverse beyond the classical boundaries. In particular, with the substantial breakthrough witnessed in the versatile quantum streams, we leverage the quantum communication, computing, sensing, and AI tools that can pave the way for a groundbreaking version of metaverse applications to emerge. Up to this end, we present an overview of the metaverse in terms of its aspects, components, and persisting challenges. Then, we elaborate further on the applicable quantum tools (e.g., quantum federated learning, quantum key distribution, etc.) that can transform the different metaverse operational levels (e.g., digital twins, extended reality, etc). Finally, we present a set of open challenges and future research directions that arise along the lines of adopting quantum technologies for future metaverse applications.
The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things devices (IoT) across healthcare, smart homes, transportation, and industrial automation has led to an unprecedented exchange of sensitive data over wireless channels, exposing these networks to cyberattacks, eavesdropping, and unauthorized access.Conventional cryptographic techniques, which rely on computational hardness assumptions, are increasingly vulnerable to the emerging capabilities of quantum computing.This paper explores the application of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) as a means of enabling secure and dependable data communication for IoT devices.By exploiting the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, QKD allows two communicating parties to generate a shared secret key while inherently detecting any attempt at interception.The proposed approach aims to enhance data privacy, ensure secure authentication, preserve confidentiality, and safeguard IoT systems against present and future quantum enabled threats.The integration of quantum based security techniques into existing IoT infrastructure is examined, along with its implications for improving the reliability and trustworthiness of wireless IoT communication systems.This work positions Quantum Enhanced Secure Data Communication as a forward looking security solution for next generation IoT networks.
As quantum computing advances, existing cryptographic techniques used in smart city infrastructures face increasing vulnerability, especially within internet of things (IoT) networks. This chapter explores the critical role of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) in securing urban IoT ecosystems against quantum threats while addressing sustainability challenges. It covers PQC principles, algorithm families, integration with IoT communication protocols, and the protection of critical sectors such as energy, healthcare, and transportation. The chapter also explores quantum-specific network attacks, supply chain vulnerabilities, and the role of green cryptography and AI-assisted security. Emphasis is placed on balancing quantum resilience with energy efficiency to ensure secure, scalable, and sustainable smart cities. The chapter concludes by identifying future research directions to guide the transition toward quantum-safe and eco-conscious urban infrastructure.