In the 4th industrial revolution, the blockchain that distributes and manages data through a P2P network is used as a new decentralized networking paradigm in various fields such as manufacturing, culture, and public service. However, with the advent of quantum computers, quantum algorithms that are able to break existing cryptosystems such as hash function, symmetric key, and public key cryptography have been introduced. Currently, because most major blockchain systems use an elliptic curve cryptography to generate signatures for transactions, they are insecure against the quantum adversary. For this reason, the research on the quantum-resistant blockchain that utilizes lattice-based cryptography for transaction signatures is needed. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a blind signature scheme for the blockchain in which the contents of the signature can be verified later, as well as signing by hiding the contents to be signed using lattice-based cryptography with the property of quantum resistance. In addition, we prove the security of the proposed scheme using a random oracle model.
In the 4th industrial revolution, the blockchain that distributes and manages data through a P2P network is used as a new decentralized networking paradigm in various fields such as manufacturing, culture, and public service. However, with the advent of quantum computers, quantum algorithms that are able to break existing cryptosystems such as hash function, symmetric key, and public key cryptography have been introduced. Currently, because most major blockchain systems use an elliptic curve cryptography to generate signatures for transactions, they are insecure against the quantum adversary. For this reason, the research on the quantum-resistant blockchain that utilizes lattice-based cryptography for transaction signatures is needed. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a blind signature scheme for the blockchain in which the contents of the signature can be verified later, as well as signing by hiding the contents to be signed using lattice-based cryptography with the property of quantum resistance. In addition, we prove the security of the proposed scheme using a random oracle model.
Blockchain technology has gained significant prominence in recent years due to its public, distributed, and decentration characteristics, which was widely applied in all walks of life requiring distributed trustless consensus. However, the most cryptographic protocols used in the current blockchain networks are susceptible to the quantum attack with rapid development of a sufficiently large quantum computer. In this paper, we first give an overview of the vulnerabilities of the modern blockchain networks to a quantum adversary and some potential post-quantum mitigation methods. Then, a new lattice-based signature scheme has been proposed, which can be used to secure the blockchain network over existing classical channels. Meanwhile, the public and private keys are generated by the Bonsai Trees technology withRandBasisalgorithm from the root keys, which not only ensure the randomness, but also construct the lightweight nondeterministic wallets. Then, the proposed scheme can be proved secure in random oracle model, and it is also more efficient than similar literatures. In addition, we also give the detailed description of the post-quantum blockchain transaction. Furthermore, this work can help to enrich the research on the future post-quantum blockchain (PQB).
In recent decades, log system management has been widely studied for data security management. System abnormalities or illegal operations can be found in time by analyzing the log and provide evidence for intrusions. In order to ensure the integrity of the log in the current system, many researchers have designed it based on blockchain. However, the emerging blockchain is facing significant security challenges with the increment of quantum computers. An attacker equipped with a quantum computer can extract the user's private key from the public key to generate a forged signature, destroy the structure of the blockchain, and threaten the security of the log system. Thus, blind signature on the lattice in post-quantum blockchain brings new security features for log systems. In our paper, to address these, firstly, we propose a novel log system based on post-quantum blockchain that can resist quantum computing attacks. Secondly, we utilize a post-quantum blind signature on the lattice to ensure both security and blindness of log system, which makes the privacy of log information to a large extent. Lastly, we enhance the security level of lattice-based blind signature under the random oracle model, and the signature size grows slowly compared with others. We also implement our protocol and conduct an extensive analysis to prove the ideas. The results show that our scheme signature size edges up subtly compared with others with the improvement of security level.
The advent of quantum computing threatens the cryptographic security of traditional blockchain systems, potentially rendering current encryption techniques obsolete. This paper explores quantum-resistant blockchain protocols that leverage post-quantum cryptographic algorithms to ensure secure transactions. We analyze various quantum-safe cryptographic methods, such as lattice-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial cryptography, evaluating their feasibility for blockchain applications. Through comparative analysis, we discuss their computational efficiency and security guarantees. Our findings suggest that integrating quantum-resistant cryptographic techniques into blockchain frameworks is essential for future-proofing decentralized systems. This paper explores the integration of quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms within blockchain technology. The proposed approach utilizes CRYSTALS-Dilithium for digital signatures, ensuring secure transaction verification in a post-quantum era. While Kyber is a robust key exchange mechanism, it is not suitable for signing transactions. The implementation is tested on standard hardware, demonstrating feasibility without requiring specialized quantum computing infrastructure.
Due to the need to maintain confidentiality, redundancy, and openness, the usage of Blockchain and other DLTs has dramatically advanced in recent years, and is being recommended for various applications. In blockchain, these capabilities are supplied by means of hash functions and public-key encryption. However, the rapid development of quantum computation in the near future has opened the door to the Grover and Shor algorithms. These algorithms challenge both public and hash encryption, causing blockchains to redesign and use quantum attack-tolerant cryptosystems; this produces cryptosystems which are considered post-quantum cryptosystems, which are quantum-resistant. This paper reviews current scientists on quantum blockchain for such purposes. In addition, the major challenges are studied with the most important post-quantum blockchain systems. In addition, the most promising post quantum signature encryption and digital blockchain signature schemes are detailed in terms of the functionality and durability of the most promising public signatures. In this article, researchers and developers in blockchain have an extensive perspective and practical advice on post-quantum blockchain protection.
Blockchain technology has become a research hotspot in recent years with the prominent characteristics as public, distributed and decentration. And blockchain-enabled internet of things (BIoT) has a tendency to make a revolutionary change for the internet of things (IoT) which requires distributed trustless consensus. However, the scalability and security issues become particularly important with the dramatically increasing number of IoT devices. Especially, with the development of quantum computing, many extant cryptographic algorithms applied in blockchain or BIoT systems are vulnerable to the quantum attacks. In this paper, an anti-quantum proxy blind signature scheme based on the lattice cryptography has been proposed, which can provide user anonymity and untraceability in the distributed applications of BIoT. Then, the security proof of the proposed scheme can derive that it is secure in random oracle model, and the efficiency analysis can indicate it is efficient than other similar literatures.
Blind signatures have been widely applied when privacy preserving is required, and the delegation of blind signature rights and a proxy blind signature (Proxy-BS) become necessary when the signer cannot sign. Existing Proxy-BS schemes are based on traditional cryptographically hard problems, and they cannot resist quantum attacks. Moreover, most current Proxy-BS schemes depend on public key infrastructure (PKI), which leads to high certificate storage and management overhead. To simplify key management and resist quantum attacks, we propose a post-quantum secure identity-based proxy blind signature (ID-Proxy-BS) scheme on a lattice using a matrix cascade technique and lattice cryptosystem. Under the random oracle model (ROM), the security of the proposed scheme is proved. Security shows that the proposed scheme assures security against quantum attacks and satisfies the correctness, blindness, and unforgeability. In addition, we apply the ID-Proxy-BS scheme on a lattice to e-voting and propose a quantum-resistant proxy e-voting system, which is resistant to quantum attacks and achieves the efficiency of e-voting.