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CRC Press eBooks

Phase invariance: The emergence of space-time and wave mechanics

T. R. Robinson

Published Mar 21, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We saw in the previous chapter that quantum fields could be pictured as propagating waves. The basic wave structure is a plane sinusoidal wave that varies in time and in one-dimension of configuration space as https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> exp ⁡ ( − i ξ ) = exp ⁡ ( i ( k x − ω t ) ) , https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math11_1.tif "/>

DOI
10.1201/9781003377504-11

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The single-category system: The emergence of quantum mechanics

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In this chapter we are going to explicitly identify the parameter, t , from Chapter 4 as a continuous variable that corresponds to time in a physical system. This will enable us to show how natural number dynamics can be converted into Hamiltonian form and thus develop dynamical equations that can be applied to physical systems, that form the basis for standard quantum mechanics. It is instructive to begin with a single category system with n items. We will take the system to be bosonic so that n can be any natural number. We then simply parameterize the variable ξ with t , as we did for the multi-category case, by writing https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> ξ = ω 0 t https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math5_1.tif "/> , where ω 0 , is a constant angular frequency. Eq. (3.14) can then be transformed into a time evolution S-type equation applied to an eigenfunction, https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> Φ n https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math5_2.tif "/> of the operator https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> N ^ https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math5_3.tif "/> . Comparing the result with Eq. (4.9) , one then gets 5.1 https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> i d Φ n d t = Ω ^ Φ n = ω 0 N ^ Φ n , https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math5_4.tif "/>

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In the previous chapter we identified a component of angular momentum that was orthogonal to the two-dimensional configuration space that had emerged from a degenerate two-category bosonic system. This implied that we needed a third dimension of configuration space to complete our configuration space picture. This suggests we explore a bosonic three-category system. So, we now let https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> N ^ https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math8_1.tif "/> be 8.1 https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> N ^ = N ^ 1 + N ^ 2 + N ^ 3 , https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math8_2.tif "/>

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Field itemization

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The phase, ξ , that we introduced as part of natural number dynamics in Chapter 3 , plays an absolutely key role in developing the dynamical theory that is the central theme of this book. We saw in Chapter 4 , where we introduced multi-category systems, how the phase, ξ i , on which the raising and lowering operators of each of the categories of a system functionally depend, needs to be parameterized in order to be able to both distinguish between the categories, but also to allow a universal scalar parameter to apply to the system as a whole and thus enable us to construct a single equation of motion for the whole system. Initially we chose the write https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> ξ i = ω i t https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math10_1.tif "/> , where ω i serves as a label for the https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> i t h https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math10_2.tif "/> category and t is a universal parameter that applies to the system as a whole. We have seen that we can associate t with time and then ω i behaves as an angular frequency that also serves as a scaled energy parameter. However, there is nothing to stop us parameterizing the phase with more than one universal parameter, and adding other labels for the categories. So we could, for example, generalize the phase, ξ i to 10.1 https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> ξ i = ω i t + κ i s , https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math10_3.tif "/>

CRC Press eBooks•Mar 21, 2023•0 citations
We saw in the previous chapter that quantum fields could be pictured as propagating waves. The basic wave structure is a plane sinusoidal wave that varies in time and in one-dimension of configuration space as https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> exp ⁡ ( − i ξ ) = exp ⁡ ( i ( k x − ω t ) ) , https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math11_1.tif "/>
In this chapter we are going to explicitly identify the parameter, t , from Chapter 4 as a continuous variable that corresponds to time in a physical system. This will enable us to show how natural number dynamics can be converted into Hamiltonian form and thus develop dynamical equations that can be applied to physical systems, that form the basis for standard quantum mechanics. It is instructive to begin with a single category system with n items. We will take the system to be bosonic so that n can be any natural number. We then simply parameterize the variable ξ with t , as we did for the multi-category case, by writing https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> ξ = ω 0 t https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math5_1.tif "/> , where ω 0 , is a constant angular frequency. Eq. (3.14) can then be transformed into a time evolution S-type equation applied to an eigenfunction, https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> Φ n https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math5_2.tif "/> of the operator https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> N ^ https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math5_3.tif "/> . Comparing the result with Eq. (4.9) , one then gets 5.1 https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> i d Φ n d t = Ω ^ Φ n = ω 0 N ^ Φ n , https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math5_4.tif "/>
In the previous chapter we identified a component of angular momentum that was orthogonal to the two-dimensional configuration space that had emerged from a degenerate two-category bosonic system. This implied that we needed a third dimension of configuration space to complete our configuration space picture. This suggests we explore a bosonic three-category system. So, we now let https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> N ^ https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math8_1.tif "/> be 8.1 https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> N ^ = N ^ 1 + N ^ 2 + N ^ 3 , https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math8_2.tif "/>
The phase, ξ , that we introduced as part of natural number dynamics in Chapter 3 , plays an absolutely key role in developing the dynamical theory that is the central theme of this book. We saw in Chapter 4 , where we introduced multi-category systems, how the phase, ξ i , on which the raising and lowering operators of each of the categories of a system functionally depend, needs to be parameterized in order to be able to both distinguish between the categories, but also to allow a universal scalar parameter to apply to the system as a whole and thus enable us to construct a single equation of motion for the whole system. Initially we chose the write https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> ξ i = ω i t https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math10_1.tif "/> , where ω i serves as a label for the https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> i t h https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math10_2.tif "/> category and t is a universal parameter that applies to the system as a whole. We have seen that we can associate t with time and then ω i behaves as an angular frequency that also serves as a scaled energy parameter. However, there is nothing to stop us parameterizing the phase with more than one universal parameter, and adding other labels for the categories. So we could, for example, generalize the phase, ξ i to 10.1 https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> ξ i = ω i t + κ i s , https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href=" https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003377504/0865e0f9-b6f9-4666-9620-3b3ea10ce510/content/math10_3.tif "/>