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Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Interaction of chiral solitons in a Bose-Einstein Condensate under density-dependent gauge potential

Rui Gao, Xin Qiao, Yun-E Ma, Yue Jian, Ai‐Xia Zhang, Ju-Kui Xue

Published Feb 27, 2023• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The collision between two chiral solitons in a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) under density-dependent gauge potential is studied. By means of Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo (PLK) perturbation method, the different kinds of colliding chiral soliton pairs self-consistently excited upon the background of the system are obtained analytically. The coupling of the current nonlinearity induced by the gauge potential and mean-field atomic interaction results in rich collision dynamics of chiral soliton pairs. When the atomic interaction is repulsive, head-on collisions of dark-dark and dark-bright solitons are observed. However, when the atomic interaction is attractive, unidirectional chiral dark soliton pairs are excited, and overtaking collision between two chiral dark solitons takes place. The phase shifts following the collision of soliton pairs are derived analytically and confirmed numerically. Interestingly, due to the contribution of the density-dependent gauge potential, the phase shifts of the two interacting chiral solitons are different from each other. This is distinct from the case without the density-dependent gauge potential, where the phase shifts of the two colliding ordinary solitons are the same. Thus, phase shifts of interacting chiral soliton pairs can be used to identify the chiral properties of solitons in BEC under density-dependent gauge potential. Furthermore, both elastic and inelastic collisions of chiral solitons in the system are presented numerically. The phase diagram for occurrence of elastic and inelastic collisions of chiral soliton is obtained, which strongly depends on the strength of density-dependent gauge potential.

DOI
10.1209/0295-5075/acbf6e

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Abstract The collision between two chiral solitons in a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) under density-dependent gauge potential is studied. By means of Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo (PLK) perturbation method, the different kinds of colliding chiral soliton pairs self-consistently excited upon the background of the system are obtained analytically. The coupling of the current nonlinearity induced by the gauge potential and mean-field atomic interaction results in rich collision dynamics of chiral soliton pairs. When the atomic interaction is repulsive, head-on collisions of dark-dark and dark-bright solitons are observed. However, when the atomic interaction is attractive, unidirectional chiral dark soliton pairs are excited, and overtaking collision between two chiral dark solitons takes place. The phase shifts following the collision of soliton pairs are derived analytically and confirmed numerically. Interestingly, due to the contribution of the density-dependent gauge potential, the phase shifts of the two interacting chiral solitons are different from each other. This is distinct from the case without the density-dependent gauge potential, where the phase shifts of the two colliding ordinary solitons are the same. Thus, phase shifts of interacting chiral soliton pairs can be used to identify the chiral properties of solitons in BEC under density-dependent gauge potential. Furthermore, both elastic and inelastic collisions of chiral solitons in the system are presented numerically. The phase diagram for occurrence of elastic and inelastic collisions of chiral soliton is obtained, which strongly depends on the strength of density-dependent gauge potential.
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We study interactions between bright matter-wave solitons which acquire chiral transport dynamics due to an optically-induced density-dependent gauge potential. Through numerical simulations, we find that the collision dynamics feature several non-integrable phenomena, from inelastic collisions including population transfer and radiation losses to the formation of short-lived bound states and soliton fission. An effective quasi-particle model for the interaction between the solitons is derived by means of a variational approximation, which demonstrates that the inelastic nature of the collision arises from a coupling of the gauge field to velocities of the solitons. In addition, we derive a set of interaction potentials which show that the influence of the gauge field appears as a short-range potential, that can give rise to both attractive and repulsive interactions.
We study the ground-state stability of the trapped one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate under a density-dependent gauge field by variational and numerical methods. The competition of density-dependent gauge field and mean-field atomic interaction induces the instability of the ground state, which results in irregular dynamics. The threshold of the gauge field for exciting the instability is obtained analytically and confirmed numerically. When the gauge field is less than the threshold, the system is stable, and the gauge field induces chiral dynamics of the wave packet. When the gauge field is greater than the threshold, the system is unstable, and the ground-state wave packet will be deformed and fragmented. Interestingly, we find that as the gauge field approaches the threshold, strong dipolar and breathing dynamics take place, and strong modes mixing occurs, the instability of the system sets in. In addition, we show that the stability of the system can be well controlled by periodical modulation of the trapping potential. We provide theoretical evidence to understand and control the irregular dynamics associated with chiral superfluid induced by density-dependent gauge field.