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Physical Science & Biophysics Journal

The Latest Developments of the our Scientific Group of Kharkov University

Volodymyr M. Kuklin

Published Oct 12, 2022• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Interest in the processes of generation of oscillations in super radiance regimes began with the well-known work by Dicke RN [1].Super radiance is usually realized in open systems when high-frequency energy is removed from the system.To a certain extent, this energy release can be equivalent to dissipative processes of a distributed type.Previously, dissipative regimes of excitation or generation of an electromagnetic wave in open waveguide resonator systems such as a traveling wave lamp traditionally corresponded to the case of interaction of a waveguide electromagnetic field with radiating particles, most often with moving beam electrons (see example [2]) or oscillators.Since the system is open, the field leaves the waveguide, which for short systems is equivalent to losses or dissipative processes of a distributed type.The field damping factor in such a waveguide or resonator without emitters or generators for such generation or amplification modes can be greater than the development increment of the generation process in the presence only these active elements without dissipation or losses [3][4][5].In particular, we can consider the case of the interaction of a system of fixed oscillators with the field of an open resonator.In this case, the oscillators did not interact directly with each other, but only through the resonator field common to the system.

DOI
10.23880/psbj-16000218

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Interest in the processes of generation of oscillations in super radiance regimes began with the well-known work by Dicke RN [1].Super radiance is usually realized in open systems when high-frequency energy is removed from the system.To a certain extent, this energy release can be equivalent to dissipative processes of a distributed type.Previously, dissipative regimes of excitation or generation of an electromagnetic wave in open waveguide resonator systems such as a traveling wave lamp traditionally corresponded to the case of interaction of a waveguide electromagnetic field with radiating particles, most often with moving beam electrons (see example [2]) or oscillators.Since the system is open, the field leaves the waveguide, which for short systems is equivalent to losses or dissipative processes of a distributed type.The field damping factor in such a waveguide or resonator without emitters or generators for such generation or amplification modes can be greater than the development increment of the generation process in the presence only these active elements without dissipation or losses [3][4][5].In particular, we can consider the case of the interaction of a system of fixed oscillators with the field of an open resonator.In this case, the oscillators did not interact directly with each other, but only through the resonator field common to the system.
This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book discusses the main features of super-radiance using some simplified models. It presents a review of experimental work on super-radiance. The book also presents a generalization of the Wigner–Weisskopf approach to the N -atom system using a diagram method of non-stationary perturbation theory. It discusses several correlation functions for the field and the polarization, which characterize the coherence properties of super-radiation. The book uses the semiclassical approach to investigate the influence of de-phasing processes on radiation efficiency, or in other words, the influence of homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of the spectral line on the dynamics and spectrum of super-radiance. It considers the boundary value problem for the transmission and reflection of short pulses, taking into account the local field correction. Two effects are of special interest: the population-dependent frequency shift and the possibility of mirror-less bistability of ultra-short electromagnetic pulses.
The paper discusses the similarity between dissipative generation and superradiance regimes for systems of excited quantum emitters placed in an open cavity. In the case of the existence of a resonator field due to reflections from the ends of the system, a dissipative generation regime is usually realized. In this case, the decrement of oscillations in the waveguide in the absence of radiators turns out to be greater than the increment of the arising instability of the system of radiators placed in the resonator. When describing this mode, the influence of the emitters on each other and the sum of their own fields is neglected. The resonator field forces the oscillators to emit or absorb quanta synchronously with it, depending on the local value of the population inversion. Lasing takes on a weakly oscillatory character due to an asynchronous change in the population inversion of the system of emitting dipoles (nutations), which have a ground and excited energy levels. To describe the process, the equations of the semiclassical theory based on the use of the density matrix are quite sufficient. In the case when there is no resonator or waveguide field, taking into account the eigenfields of the oscillators becomes essential. To simulate the superradiance process, large emitting particles are used, to describe which one should use the equations for the density matrix. It is shown that the interaction of quantum emitters in this case is due to electromagnetic fields under conditions when the overlap of their wave functions is insignificant. Equations are obtained that allow considering the process of interaction of emitters. When the emitters interact, an integral field is formed in the resonator, an increase in the intensity of which leads to synchronization of the emitters. It is shown that the characteristic times of the development of the process, as well as the attainable amplitudes of the excited fields for dissipative regimes of generation and regimes of superradiance of emitters filling an open resonator, are comparable.
The macroscopic electrodynamics of time-dependent coherent processes in active media is reviewed. Dicke super-radiance in the two-level model and cyclotron super-radiance in a model consisting of an electron beam in a magnetic field are investigated. Similar phenomena in other media are discussed. Particular attention is devoted to polarization waves, i.e., a type of normal wave that coexists with electromagnetic waves and in many ways determines the character of coherent effects. Super-radiance is considered as a dissipative instability of negative-energy polarization waves, which occurs in an active sample as a result of losses by emission of positive-energy electromagnetic waves into the ambient space. The method of phenomenological quantization is developed for unstable modes in active samples, and directly describes the quantum-mechanical properties of collective excitations. The procedure is used to analyze macroscopic quantum-mechanical fluctuations of super-radiance.
The paper discusses three different modes of electromagnetic field generation by an ensemble of oscillators placed at the radiation wavelength in the one-dimensional case. The excitation of the resonator field is considered, which, as a rule, is determined by the geometry of the system, with and without taking into account the eigenfields of the emitters. The superradiance regime of the same ensemble of oscillators is also analyzed. In fact, superradiance is formed due to the emitters' own fields even in the absence of a resonator. It is noted that the maximum achievable amplitudes of induced fields both in the superradiance regime and in the regime of excitation of the resonator field are comparable. This makes us think about the role of the self-fields of emitters in electronic devices. It is shown that in describing the resonator excitation mode, in addition to the resonator field, it is also necessary to take into account the sum of the natural fields of the emitters in the active zone. Synchronization of emitters leads not only to an increase in the resonator field, but also, as in the superradiance regime, it significantly increases the amplitude of the sum of the oscillator fields. It is shown that in the practically interesting case of open systems (dissipative generation modes), taking into account the eigenfields of the emitters significantly reduces the characteristic time for the development of the generation process and increases the maximum achievable oscillation amplitude. This account also changes the conditions for achieving the maximum energy flow from the system. This can change the operating point of the generation process, which is determined by the requirement for the maximum rate of energy output from the system.