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International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena

Two-Photon Interference Measurement of Ultrafast Laser Pulses

Masaya Matsuoka, Y. Miyamoto, T. Kuga, M. Baba, Yifan Li

Published Jan 1, 1992• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently some novel two-photon interference experiments have been performed, where quantities such as the field coherence time and the beat spacing between light beams with different frequencies were measured with high time resolution1. These experiments have overcome the traditional limits on time resolution by combining a Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration with the two-photon correlation technique. All of these experiments, however, have been performed with cw light sources, and no attempt has yet been made to measure the temporal variation of the field intensity.

DOI
10.1364/up.1992.tuc2

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Recently some novel two-photon interference experiments have been performed, where quantities such as the field coherence time and the beat spacing between light beams with different frequencies were measured with high time resolution1. These experiments have overcome the traditional limits on time resolution by combining a Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration with the two-photon correlation technique. All of these experiments, however, have been performed with cw light sources, and no attempt has yet been made to measure the temporal variation of the field intensity.
We extend the intensity interference experiments to a pulse envelope measurement of ultrashort incoherent optical pulses. The interfering fields can be mutually incoherent light pulses from independent sources. We show that the pulse envelope or width of ultrashort incoherent light pulses can be measured independently from the coherence time by using a combination of interferometer and two-photon coincidence counter. With this method we have measured the envelope autocorrelation of mutually incoherent femtosecond fluorescence from a solution of Nile Blue in dimethylaniline.
By using an intensity correlation, or photon coincidence, technique and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with artificially applied phase fluctuations in one arm, we measured the coherence time of a thermal light beam. The light was derived from the filtered fluorescence of a rhodamine 6G dye solution. The two-photon coincidence rate was measured as a function of path difference and was found to dip 50% when the two arms of the interferometer are balanced. The coherence time of ~100 fs is determined from the measured width of the dip and is consistent with the passband of the filters. The method does not require the stability needed in second-order interference measurements, and its time resolution can be much shorter than that of the photodetectors. The theory of this type of fourth-order interference technique is discussed.
Pairs of 826.8-nm correlated photons, generated by parametrically down-converting 413.4-nm krypton-ion laser light, are directed into a single Mach-Zehnder interferometer such that each photon of the pair enters a different input port. The rate of coincidence at the two output ports displays oscillations (as the path-length difference is swept) with a spatial period equal to the 413-nm wavelength of the pump photons, and with a visibility of 62% when the path-length difference exceeds the coherence length of the individual photon beams. This unequivocally demonstrates the nonclassical and entangled nature of the two-photon state.
A new experimental procedure for determining the (second-order) coherence time of a light beam is described that is based on a combination of conventional interferometry with an intensity-correlation technique. It permits measurements of coherence times that are several orders of magnitude shorter than the resolving times of the detectors, which ordinarily limit correlation measurements. The validity of the method is demonstrated by an experiment in which the transverse fluorescent light from a dye laser is measured.
A two-photon interference experiment is presented in which an entangled pair of photons generated from a parametric down-conversion was incident on two input ports of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The experiment was carried out using two photon coincidence detection with two detectors at the two output ports of the interferometer. The measured coincidence counts exhibit an interference effect with visibility of 0.75 at simultaneous inputs and 0.38 at inputs with different arrival times according to the degree of photon number entanglement.