Quantum computing presents potential advantages over classical computing in terms of computational complexity. Therefore, it is expected for quantum machine learning applications to have improvements in capacity and learning efficiency over classical machine learning methods. This paper aims to present a Systematic Literature Review of articles published between 2017 and 2022, identifying, analyzing, and comparing different proposals of quantum machine learning applications for network intrusion detection systems (IDS). This study focused on identifying papers that implemented quantum machine learning algorithms in the context of intrusion detection systems. The main algorithms found were variational hybrid quantum-classical, with models based on quantum support vector machines and quantum neural networks. Benefits compared to classical models were observed and described, such as reduced training time and improved classification accuracy for attacking traffic.
Quantum computing presents potential advantages over classical computing in terms of computational complexity. Therefore, it is expected for quantum machine learning applications to have improvements in capacity and learning efficiency over classical machine learning methods. This paper aims to present a Systematic Literature Review of articles published between 2017 and 2022, identifying, analyzing, and comparing different proposals of quantum machine learning applications for network intrusion detection systems (IDS). This study focused on identifying papers that implemented quantum machine learning algorithms in the context of intrusion detection systems. The main algorithms found were variational hybrid quantum-classical, with models based on quantum support vector machines and quantum neural networks. Benefits compared to classical models were observed and described, such as reduced training time and improved classification accuracy for attacking traffic.
Quantum computing is a potential solution to several problems that classical computing faces such as computational time complexity. Quantum machine learning is therefore expected to have better runtime, capacity, and learning efficiency than classical methods offer. This article aims to present a systematic review of the state-of-the-art literature on quantum machine learning for cybersecurity in the specific application of network intrusion detection systems (IDS), identifying, analyzing, and correlating the different proposals for implementing quantum or hybrid algorithms. The methodology follows the Systematic Literature Review method, which, after its application, identified 5 articles that implemented quantum machine learning algorithms in the context of intrusion detection systems. The main algorithms were variational hybrid quantum-classical, with models based in quantum support vector machines and quantum neural networks. Benefits compared to purely classical models were observed and described, such as improved accuracy of attacking traffic data classification and reduced training time. A computação quântica é uma solução potencial para diversos problemas que a computação clássica enfrenta como a complexidade de tempo computacional. Espera-se, portanto, que o aprendizado de máquina quântico apresente tempo de execução, capacidade e eficiência de aprendizado melhores do que os métodos clássicos oferecem. O presente artigo visa a apresentar uma revisão sistemática da literatura do estado da arte em aprendizado de máquina quântico para cibersegurança na aplicação específica de sistemas de detecção de intrusão em redes (IDS), identificando, analisando e correlacionando as diferentes propostas de implementação dos algoritmos quânticos ou híbridos. A metodologia utilizada segue o método de Revisão Sistemática de Literatura, o qual, após sua aplicação, identificou 5 artigos que implementaram algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina quântico no contexto de sistemas de detecção de intrusão. Os principais algoritmos foram clássico-quânticos híbridos variacionais, com um modelo baseado em máquinas de vetores de suporte quânticas e redes neurais quânticas. Os benefícios em comparação aos modelos puramente clássicos foram observados e descritos, como a melhoria na precisão da classificação dos dados de tráfego atacante e tempo de treinamento reduzido.
Quantum machine learning (QML) algorithms for intrusion detection systems in software-defined networks are investigated, and their effectiveness is compared with their classical machine learning methods. The University of Nevada - Reno intrusion detection dataset (UNR-IDD) is used to evaluate different QML models, including quantum k-nearest neighbors (QKNNs), quantum support vector machines (QSVMs), quantum neural networks (QNNs), and hybrid quantum neural networks (HQNNs). These models were tested with quantum simulators to evaluate their potential advantages in processing complex datasets. The results show that HQNN and QSVM have higher accuracy than their classical SVM and NN counterparts. This study shows the potential of leveraging QML to enhance precision. References to other works that dive into efficiency and complexity are included.
This survey examines quantum-enhanced machine learning techniques for intrusion detection in Internet of Things (IoT) and fog environments, synthesizing recent work on hybrid quantum-classical models, quantum convolutional neural networks (QCNNs), quantum support vector machines (QSVMs), and quantum-assisted clustering.We review five recent primary studies that apply quantum methods to IoT security, summarize their methodological choices (encoding, circuit ansatz, classical-quantum interfaces), and evaluate reported benefits and limitations with respect to accuracy, computational cost, and deployability in resource-constrained settings.The literature indicates potential gains in feature expressivity and false-negative reduction from quantum encodings and variational circuits, but practical barriers remain: limited qubit counts, noisy hardware, encoding overhead, and scarce real-world deployment studies.We identify concrete research gaps and propose directions for lightweight encodings, noise-aware hybrid architectures, federated quantum-assisted Intrusion Detection System (IDS), and standardized benchmarks for reproducible evaluation.The survey aims to guide researchers and practitioners toward scalable, explainable, and deployable quantum-enhanced intrusion detection for IoT.
Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are essential for identifying cyber threats in complex digital environments. Machine learning (ML) is widely used to improve IDS by detecting anomalies, but classical ML methods often struggle with high-dimensional data and evolving threats. Quantum machine learning (QML) has been proposed as a potential paradigm to overcome some of these limitations, but is constrained by noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) challenges, affecting quality. This study systematically evaluates three QML models, Pegasos Quantum Support Vector Classifier (QSVC), Variational Quantum Classifier (VQC), and a Hybrid Quantum–Classical Neural Network (HQNN), for network anomaly detection. The models were optimized and tested on the ToN_IoT and NSL-KDD datasets using IBM quantum simulators under both ideal and noisy conditions. Performance was analyzed through the F1-score distribution as a function of circuit complexity, revealing how entanglement and noise affect robustness across different backends. Comparisons with classical models contextualize the current maturity of QML for cybersecurity, while computational time was used as an indicator of model complexity to explore accuracy–efficiency trade-offs. Among all configurations, Pegasos-QSVC achieved the best results, with 94.60% accuracy and an F1-score of 94.13%. The findings provide practical guidelines for designing noise-resilient QML models and highlight their potential for reliable intrusion detection under realistic quantum conditions.
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in quantum machine learning for intrusion detection systems. The authors review the state of the art based on the published work “Quantum Machine Learning for Intrusion Detection of Distributed Denial of Service Attacks: A Comparative View” and its relevant citations. The chapter discusses three quantum models, including quantum support vector machines, hybrid quantum-classical neural networks, and a two-circuit ensemble model, which run parallel on two quantum processing units. The authors compare the performance of these models in terms of accuracy and computational resource consumption. Their work demonstrates the effectiveness of quantum models in supporting current and future cybersecurity systems, achieving close to 100% accuracy, with 96% being the worst-case scenario. The chapter concludes with future research directions for this promising field.
With the potential for quantum computing to completely transform cybersecurity, quantum machine learning is becoming a ground-breaking technology. Cyber-attacks have been successfully countered by traditional network defense systems, which mostly use conventional machine learning (ML) techniques. However, the growing complexity of assaults and the exponential expansion of network data reveal the shortcomings of traditional methods, especially with regard to speed and scalability. By utilizing quantum algorithms like Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVM), Quantum Neural Networks (QNN), and Variational Quantum Circuits (VQC), Quantum Machine Learning (QML) presents a viable substitute. These methods are especially well-suited for real-time network defense scenarios since they show the capacity to handle high-dimensional data, identify complex patterns, and increase computational efficiency. In this research, the effectiveness of QML techniques in network defense is thoroughly examined and contrasted with that of traditional machine learning techniques. The study emphasizes how QML may surpass conventional models in terms of accuracy, scalability, and resilience against sophisticated threats by concentrating on use cases like intrusion detection, malware analysis, and anomaly detection. The necessity for hybrid quantum-classical models and the present constraints of quantum hardware are among the difficulties that are discussed in the study. This study highlights the revolutionary potential of QML in strengthening network defense mechanisms and identifies crucial areas for further research, paving the road for a secure digital future by combining theoretical ideas with experimental discoveries.