Abstract I compare and contrast classical and quantum descriptions and then argue that even the celebrated stability of matter following from the Schrödinger equation is based on ad-hoc assumptions.
According to the widely accepted notion, the Schr{o}dinger equation (SE) is not derivable in principle. Contrary to this belief, we present here a straightforward derivation of SE. It is based on only two fundamentals of mechanics: the classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation(HJE) and the Planck postulate about the discrete transfer of energy at micro-scales. Our approach is drastically different from the other published derivations of SE which either employ an ad hoc underlying assumption about the probabilistic or the statistical nature of the micro-scale phenomena, or rely on the prior knowledge of SE and arrive at it by introducing a new postulate - neither present in classical mechanics nor following from experiments - with a suitable but physically unjustifiable choice of a key arbitrary constant.
Any time-dependent solution of Schrödinger equation may be always correlated to a solution of Hamilton equations or to a statistical combination of their solutions; only the set of corresponding solutions is somewhat smaller (due to existence of quantization). There is not any reason to the physical interpretation according to Copenhagen alternative as Bell's inequalities are valid in the classical physics only (and not in any alternative based on Schrödinger equation). The advantage of Schrödinger equation consists then in that it enables to represent directly the time evolution of a statistical distribution of classical initial states (which is usual in collision experiments). The Schrödinger equation (without assumptions added by Bohr) may then represent the common physical theory for microscopic as well as macroscopic physical systems. However, together with the last possibility the solutions of Schrödinger equation may be helpful also in analyzing the influence of other statistically distributed properties (e.g., spin orientations or space structures) of individual matter objects forming a corresponding physical system, which goes in principle beyond the classical physics. In any case, the contemporary quantum theory represents the phenomenological approximative description of some matter characteristics only, without providing any insight into quantum mechanism emergence. In such a case it is necessary to take into account more detailed properties at least of some involved objects.
It is a fundamental and widely accepted assumption that a measure-ment result exists universally, and in particular, it exists for every ob-server, independently of whether the observer makes the measurement or knows the result. In this paper, we will argue that, based on an analysis of protective measurements, this assumption is rejected by the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, and worlds, if they indeed exist ac-cording to the interpretation, can only exist relative to systems which are decoherent with respect to the measurement result. In standard quantum mechanics, it is postulated that when the wave func-tion of a quantum system is measured by a macroscopic device, it no longer follows the linear Schrödinger equation, but instantaneously collapses to one of the wave functions that correspond to definite measurement results. However, this collapse postulate is ad hoc, and the theory does not tell us why and how a definite measurement result appears. This measurement problem is widely