Quantum-based systems are an emerging topic of research due to their potential for increasing performance in a variety of classical systems.In radar and communication systems, quantum technologies have been explored in an effort to increase the correlation performance in the low signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) regime.While this increase has been shown both mathematically and in the laboratory using bipartite states, systems utilizing multi-partite squeezing and entanglement may lead to an even further performance increase.We investigate this by analyzing the correlation coefficient for a tripartite system electric field measurement to determine how it compares to the bipartite systems in the current literature for the same transmit powers.This is done by defining a tripartite wave function in terms of the mean photon number per mode then determining the covariance matrix from this wave function.This work is important in understanding how alternative states of light can be used for quantum radar applications.
Quantum-based systems are an emerging topic of research due to their potential for increasing performance in a variety of classical systems.In radar and communication systems, quantum technologies have been explored in an effort to increase the correlation performance in the low signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) regime.While this increase has been shown both mathematically and in the laboratory using bipartite states, systems utilizing multi-partite squeezing and entanglement may lead to an even further performance increase.We investigate this by analyzing the correlation coefficient for a tripartite system electric field measurement to determine how it compares to the bipartite systems in the current literature for the same transmit powers.This is done by defining a tripartite wave function in terms of the mean photon number per mode then determining the covariance matrix from this wave function.This work is important in understanding how alternative states of light can be used for quantum radar applications.
In recent years, quantum radar has focused entirely on using bipartite squeezed states of light as a mechanism for target detection. This paper studies the performance of a quantum radar that uses a tripartite squeezed state, whereby two signal beams are sent out towards the target which both correlate with the idler. It is found that for very low signal strengths, the bipartite has better performance. As the signal strength increases however, the tripartite becomes dominant. This result suggests that quantum radar (declared useful only in the low SNR regime) may possess more possibilities of increased performance at higher SNRs when different states are used for correlation. The bottleneck, of course, is the ability to generate transmit powers necessary to utilize.
Bipartite systems have become popular in emerging quantum radar and quantum communication systems.This paper analyzes the various correlation coefficients for different types of quantum radar measurement schemes, such as: (i) immediate detection of the idler photon events to be used in post-processing correlation with the signal photon events, (ii) immediate detection of the idler electric field to be used in post-processing correlation with the signal electric field, (iii) immediate detection of the idler quadratures to be used in post-processing correlation with the signal quadratures, and (iv) conventional analog correlation method of the optical parametric amplifier.The showcased results compare the performance of these different methodologies for various environmental scenarios.This work is important at developing the fundamentals behind quantum technologies that require covariance measurements and will permit more accurate selection of the appropriate measurement styles for individual systems.
In this paper, we derive the electric field covariance matrix of the signal and idler beams from an entangled source for applications involving quantum radar. We also derive the corresponding covariance matrix for a classical matched filtering remote sensing system and compare to the quantum result. We use this comparison to derive an expression for the quantum enhancement factor as a function of the mean photon number per mode, Ns. This result is significant because it allows one to exactly calculate the predicted quantum enhancement as a function of transmit power, rather than only having an upper bound. Additionally, we look into previous analog correlation techniques using an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) and show that immediately detecting the idler produces the same cross correlation terms. However, the actual measurements needed to harness these correlations is enhanced when one immediately detects the idler because it minimizes the added noise caused by the additional length of the idler path in the conventional method. Finally, our results also show that one does not need to count photons to harness these correlations, but rather, perform electric field measurements.
Quantum radar is an emerging technique, currently at the experimental stage, that promises to disrupt the well-established field of conventional radar. Recent progress shows that it is possible to generate and use entangled pairs of microwave photons for detection purposes and to obtain an advantage over a classical radar. In this work, we study the currently experimentally feasible type of quantum correlation radar. To this end, we compare different radar architectures, quantum and classical, by analyzing their detection performances by means of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC), the minimum error probability as well as the Chernoff bound. The underlying system models are based on quantum mechanical formulations as well as conventional signal theory. Where it is appropriate and necessary to facilitate our analysis, we apply the central limit theorem to establish the Gaussianity of the observable quantities. A conceptual analogy between the quantum and classic points-of-view is drawn and supported by results showing the asymptotic behavior of the ROC curves of both physical descriptions depending on the power levels of signal and noise. We come to exact and comprehensible conclusions on the current state of quantum radar in comparison to classic radar with a detailed mapping of the radar operating regime (measurement time, signal-to-noise ratio, environmental noise level, target object size and distance) in which a quantum advantage is attainable.
This paper presents a study on quantum radar technology developments, design Consideration for its integration, and quantum radar cross-section, QRCS based on quantum electrodynamics and interferometric considerations. Quantum radar systems supported by quantum measurement can fulfill not only conventional target detection and recognition tasks but are also capable of detecting and identifying the RF stealth platform and weapons systems. The development of radar technology is of the utmost importance in many avenues of research. The concept of a quantum radar has been proposed which utilizes quantum states of photons to establish information on a target at a distance. A photon, or a little cluster of photons, is distributed towards the target. The photons are absorbed and reemitted from the target and into the receiver. The measurement process may be executed in two alternative ways. One can perform an interferometric measurement (or phase measurement) on the photon, or one can simply count the number of photons that return. the previous method is named Interferometric Quantum Radar, and therefore the latter method is termed Quantum Illumination. For either of those methods, one can use stationary quantum states of photons or use entangled states. Its been shown that entangled states provide the most effective possible boost in resolution, achieving within the ideal case. The benefit of using quantum states is that they exhibit extra degrees of correlation by which to get information compared to classical methods. These extra correlations (called quantum correlations) serve to boost the resolution and signal/noise (SNR) that may be achieved within the radar system.
This paper provides a brief introduction of the current state of quantum radar (QR) technology development, focusing on the experimental methods used for modifying QR in a laboratory setting. We delve into the foundational principles of quantum electrodynamics and consider interferometric aspects. Quantum radar systems, empowered by quantum measurements, extend their capabilities beyond conventional target detection and recognition, encompassing the detection and identification of RF stealth platforms and advanced weapons systems. Quantum technology is gaining paramount significance in various research domains, with the emergence of the concept of quantum radar, which leverages the quantum states of photons to extract information from distant targets. The mechanism involves dispatching photons, or photon clusters, toward the target, whereupon they are absorbed and subsequently re-emitted. The crucial measurement process can be executed in two distinct manners. One approach entails an interferometric measurement, often referred to as phase measurement, conducted on the photons, while the alternative method involves the straightforward quantification of returning photons. These methods are respectively known as Interferometric QR and Quantum Illumination (QI). In both approaches, one can opt to employ stationary quantum states of photons or harness entangled states. Extensive research has demonstrated that the use of entangled states yields the most significant resolution enhancement, achieving optimal results under ideal conditions. Quantum states offer a substantial advantage by virtue of their inherent correlations, referred to as quantum correlations, which augment both resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the radar system. This paper explores the intricacies of these advancements in quantum radar technology, shedding light on the underlying principles and experimental methodologies.