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Nonlinear Guided Waves and Their Applications

Broadband Squeezing with Cotraveling Waves

Masataka Shirasaki, H. A. Haus

Published Jan 1, 1989• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Squeezed states have been produced by degenerate parametric amplification and four-wave mixing[1−5]. In all these cases the squeezing was narrowband, because the mechanisms employed are inherently bandlimited. It would be desirable to construct a squeezing apparatus that is broadband, because then it could be applied to short optical pulses. Aside from the fact that optical pulses with reduced phase or amplitude noise are interesting in their own right, the use of optical pulses in experiments can eliminate many sources of noise that prevent effective squeezing of quasi cw excitations.

DOI
10.1364/nlgwp.1989.sa2

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Squeezed states have been produced by degenerate parametric amplification and four-wave mixing[1−5]. In all these cases the squeezing was narrowband, because the mechanisms employed are inherently bandlimited. It would be desirable to construct a squeezing apparatus that is broadband, because then it could be applied to short optical pulses. Aside from the fact that optical pulses with reduced phase or amplitude noise are interesting in their own right, the use of optical pulses in experiments can eliminate many sources of noise that prevent effective squeezing of quasi cw excitations.
A squeezed state of the electromagnetic field has less noise in one of its two amplitude components than that of a coherent state. This property makes squeezed states potentially useful in low noise and precision measurement. Squeezed states may be generated by, among other things, degenerate parametric amplifiers and four-wave mixers. The reduced noise in one of the amplitude components is most easily observed via a homodyne detector. A number of experimental efforts to generate and detect squeezed states are under way. Here, in describing experimental techniques, the experiments' carried out by Slusher et al. are emphasized. A number of techniques were employed to successfully generate squeezed light. An atomic beam of sodium provided the optical nonlinearity in a cavity-backward four-wave mixer. By employing pairs of Fabry-Perot modes spaced symmetrically about the pump frequency, squeezed light was generated in nondegenerate conditions where Rayleigh scattering of pump light could be avoided. To observe squeezing, a number of nonidealities such as phase jitter and detector inefficiencies also had to be overcome.
Parametric interactions such as four wave mixing have been predicted to produce states of the radiation field where the quantum fluctuations in one phase quadrature are less than those of a coherent state.1 These “squeezed states” have proved remarkably difficult to generate and detect, not least because of the presence of additional classical noise in many laser sources and parametric devices. We have now demonstrated the reduction of classical fluctuations by means of four wave mixing in an optical fiber under conditions very similar to those needed to demonstrate squeezed state generation. This success reinforces the plausibility of related quantum noise experiments, and has implications for fiber optic communications.
Squeezed states of light have been predicted to be generated by four-wave mixing in cavity configurations. Any noise fields in the cavity can degrade or modify these squeezed states. An experiment using a Na atomic beam as the nonlinear mixing medium shows that spontaneous emission from the excited atoms results in a broadband frequency spectrum of noise in the cavity used for squeezing. The limits this noise places on the observed amount of squeezing and possible techniques for avoiding this noise source are discussed.
Near-degenerate four-wave parametric mixing in an optical fiber couples fluctuations in signal and idler frequency bands in such a way that the noise at a particular optical phase is reduced while that in an orthogonal phase quadrature is amplified. We have performed experiments on this effect and explained our results in terms of a theory which incorporates a nonlinear dispersion effect. The nonlinear dispersion alters the mathematical character of the solutions and limits the effective interaction length. For relatively low frequency shifts (<100 GHz) and 100 m of fiber, the heterodyne detected optical noise can be reduced by 5 dB in the squeezed quadrature. Theory predicts that this parametric interaction should reduce the noise level below the standard quantum limit. In a realistic fiber, phase noise due to guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) dominates the quanturn noise and cannot be reduced by four-wave mixing. Narrow gaps in the GAWBS noise can be engineered into special fibers. At the frequencies of these gaps, the noise level indeed can be squeezed below the quantum limit.
Squeezed light sources are crucial components of emerging quantum technologies for computing, communications, and measurement. The direct generation of squeezed light inside optical fibre is of particular interest due to minimal material loss, desirable mode properties and compatibility with long-distance optical networks. Squeezing of bright coherent-state laser pulses in fibre is regularly achieved via the Kerr effect, but this is not readily extensible to the continuous-wave (CW) and null-mean field regimes, and the maximum measurable squeezing is degraded by various noise processes around the common pump/signal wavelength [1].