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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America

Quantum fluctuations in a singlemode pulsed dye laser

Seth A. Cameron, Michael G. Littman

Published Jan 1, 1989• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have studied the intensity fluctuations from a pulsed single-mode grazing incidence dye laser. The laser operates using rhodamine 6G dye pumped by 308-nm radiation from a XeCl excimer laser. Pump laser pulse duration is 6-8 ns and dye laser pulse duration is 2-3 ns. The spectral purity of the dye laser radiation is within 20% of the Fourier transform limit. Using event-mode recording involving the monitoring of pump laser intensity and dye laser intensity, we have determined the amplitude distribution from the dye laser at pumping conditions below, slightly above, and significantly above threshold. The amplitude fluctuations from the dye laser are well characterized by a Fokker-Planck model and they appear to be quantum in origin.

DOI
10.1364/oam.1989.wl6

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We have studied the intensity fluctuations from a pulsed single-mode grazing incidence dye laser. The laser operates using rhodamine 6G dye pumped by 308-nm radiation from a XeCl excimer laser. Pump laser pulse duration is 6-8 ns and dye laser pulse duration is 2-3 ns. The spectral purity of the dye laser radiation is within 20% of the Fourier transform limit. Using event-mode recording involving the monitoring of pump laser intensity and dye laser intensity, we have determined the amplitude distribution from the dye laser at pumping conditions below, slightly above, and significantly above threshold. The amplitude fluctuations from the dye laser are well characterized by a Fokker-Planck model and they appear to be quantum in origin.
Statistical properties of dye laser transients are analyzed by first-passage-time technique. Both pump and quantum fluctuations effece the establishment of steady states in a dye laser. These two kinds of noise play different roles in laser transients. Meanwhile it is difficult to discern them since the pump fluctuations are six orders of magnitude larger than the quantum noise. In this paper a model of single mode dye laser with pump fluctuations simplified by white noise is presented and the analytic results of the mean, variance and skewness of first-passage-time distributions are obtained through a Fokker-Planck equation. Compared with experimental measurements and curves from Monte Carlo simulations, excellent agreement is obtained.
The relative mean square fluctuations $\frac{〈{(\ensuremath{\Delta}I)}^{2}〉}{{〈I〉}^{2}}$ of the intensity III of a single-mode dye laser have been measured by a photon counting technique, in the region from about threshold to intensities 1000 times below threshold. The results show a steady increase of $\frac{〈{(\ensuremath{\Delta}I)}^{2}〉}{{〈I〉}^{2}}$ from less than 1 to about 150 as 〈I〉〈I〉〈I〉 is reduced, followed by a rapid drop to zero. This behavior appears to be described fairly well by an equation of motion containing both additive spontaneous emission fluctuations and multiplicative pumping fluctuations.
We carry out numerical simulations of the evolution and steady-state properties of a dye laser operating near resonance. The model we use is fully two dimensional (i.e., it includes the intensity and the phase of the radiation) and does not involve the usual low-intensity expansions commonly used in the literature. The equation for the complex electric field is driven by white additive noise (quantum fluctuations due to spontaneous emission) and by colored multiplicative noise (fluctuations of the gain parameter). We note that the simulations agree with the experimental results of Zhu, Yu, and Roy [Phys. Rev. A 34, 4333 (1986)] for parameter values used in their experiments. We compare the simulation results with predictions of the ``best Fokker-Planck equation'' (BFPE) for the steady-state distribution of the laser intensity and find remarkable quantitative agreement for large ranges of parameters values, even for values that are in principle beyond the range of validity of this equation. We conclude that the BFPE can be safely invoked to make predictions for this system.
We have measured the evolution of the intensity emitted by a random laser during a pump pulse that is comparable in duration to the spontaneous emission decay time. The time traces of our random laser, consisting of titanium dioxide particles and sulforhodamine B dye, show clear relaxation oscillations. We compare our experimental results to an analytic, conventional model based on the four-level rate equations for a single-mode laser. The measured frequency of well-resolved fluctuation oscillations suggests an effective mode lifetime of 5 ps.
A short-cavity dye laser has been constructed to study fluctuations arising from quantum noise and mode coupling in multimode systems. Typical dye lasers (i.e., long-cavity) have been found to have cw dynamics that are dominated by coherent wave mixing effects.1 The quantum noise in these lasers also manifests itself as a variance in the buildup times of the laser light intensity. Buildup times of singlemode long-cavity lasers have been studied.2 The relative importance of quantum noise is enhanced in short cavities making the turn-on transient the dominant feature in the laser light fluctuations. We have measured the turn-on transient of individual modes from a multimode short-cavity dye laser following sudden turn-on of the pump power. The shortness of the cavity has the effect of making the decay times of the intracavity field and the molecular population similar. The observed buildup and rise times are compared with those predicted by a semiclassical multimode laser theory with stochastic noise added for several pump rates. Moreover, semiregular oscillations of the total intensity have been observed to occur in short bursts separating intervals of nearly constant cw laser output.
Recent theoretical analyses of the single-mode laser with colored-noise pump fluctuations have allowed the detailed prediction of the short-time behavior of the intensity autocorrelations of such a laser. In particular, a rounding off of the intensity correlation function on the time scale of the correlation time of the pump fluctuations has been predicted. We present results from experiments performed on a single-mode dye-laser system that clearly confirm these predictions. Numerical simulations of the laser Langevin equations including the colored-noise pump fluctuations are used to fit the experimental results.