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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America

Sub-Poisson photo-electron statistics from a semiconductor laser with electronic feedback

James H. Churnside, Evgenii P. Gordov

Published Jan 1, 1991• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We detected a portion of the output from a semi-conductor diode laser and used the detected signal as a source of negative feedback to the laser drive current. At frequencies below the characteristic frequency of the feedback loop, the power spectral density of the detected photocurrent was as much as 15 dB below the shot noise limit. This reduction can be described by a semiclassical theory of the effects of feedback on an injected shot noise current. Physically, this corresponds to a process whereby the laser output is changed in response to changes in the noise current.

DOI
10.1364/oam.1991.moo2

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We detected a portion of the output from a semi-conductor diode laser and used the detected signal as a source of negative feedback to the laser drive current. At frequencies below the characteristic frequency of the feedback loop, the power spectral density of the detected photocurrent was as much as 15 dB below the shot noise limit. This reduction can be described by a semiclassical theory of the effects of feedback on an injected shot noise current. Physically, this corresponds to a process whereby the laser output is changed in response to changes in the noise current.
The usual open-loop semiclassical theory of light detection is extended to include closed-loop operation in which there is feedback from the detector to the source. The revised theory takes the form of a self-exciting point process. It admits photocount statistics that are associated with non-classical light in open-loop configurations, e.g., sub-shot-noise spectra and sub-Poisson photocounts. The extended theory is used to explain two recent closed-loop experiments in which sub-Poisson photocount statistics were produced.
Photocurrent shot-noise suppression is observed in closed optoelectronic loop below the limit (1 − η) of standard shot-noise level (SNL) imposed by conventional theory of photodetector with quantum efficiency η. Experimental results on photocurrent noise are presented for different values of feedback strength and quantum efficiency η of in-loop photodiode. It is shown that at fixed feedback strength the suppression factor does not depend on η. Minimum noise spectral density is observed below the SNL by a factor 17·8 (− 12·5 dB). Such large suppression cannot be explained in terms of an ordinary sub-Poissonian light state in the loop. We suggest the concept of an anticorrelation light state, where the light in the loop is described as a non-stationary state with Poissonian quantum fluctuations, and superimposed anticorrelated classical fluctuations. While the degree of noise reduction in the photocurrent can be arbitrary large, the degree of anticorrelation between the classical and quantum fluctuations in the light beam remains limited by the quantum efficiency of the feedback photodiode. Calculations based on this concept are in a good agreement with experimental data on super-shot-noise power, obtained for the beam extracted from the loop by a beam splitter.
A new scheme for generating an amplitude-squeezed state is proposed. The photon-flux fluctuation of a semiconductor-laser output wave is measured with a quantum nondemolition (QND) detector, and is negatively fed back to the laser pumping current. The operator Langevin equations are derived by combining the quantum-mechanical analyses on the laser internal-external field fluctuations, the quantum nondemolition detector based on an optical Kerr effect, and a negative-feedback circuit. The output wave features a reduced photon number noise below the standard quantum limit, 〈(\ensuremath{\Delta}n^)2{)}^{2})2〉^〉, and an enhanced phase noise above that, 〈(\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\psi}^)2{)}^{2})2〉>(1/4)〈n^${〉}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, while the minimum uncertainty product is still preserved. The observed photoelectron statistics in a negative-feedback GaAs laser diode using a conventional p-i-n photodiode (not a QND detector) are shown to exhibit sub-Poissonian statistics with the variance 〈(\ensuremath{\Delta}n^)2{)}^{2})2〉apeq20.26〈n^〉. The measured photocurrent fluctuation spectral density is also indicated to be below the standard quantum limit by a factor of 0.2 (=-7 dB). The experimental results also confirm that such amplitude squeezing is only observed inside the feedback loop and cannot be extracted from the loop unless a quantum nondemolition detector is used.