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High Resolution Spectroscopy

Production of the High-Intensive Beans of Ultracold Atoms for High Resolution Spectroscopy

Eugeny Korsunsky, Dmitry V. Kosachiov, Yu. Rozhdestvensky

Published Jan 1, 1993• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The characteristic feature of the transversal cooling with OPT is that light pressure force F z is of constant sign in a whole range of velocity variation [1,2]. Therefore, decelerating the atoms with v z < 0, the same force accelerates the atoms with positive velocities, that leads to the considerable loss of final intensity of the atomic beam.

DOI
10.1364/hrs.1993.wb4

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The characteristic feature of the transversal cooling with OPT is that light pressure force F z is of constant sign in a whole range of velocity variation [1,2]. Therefore, decelerating the atoms with v z < 0, the same force accelerates the atoms with positive velocities, that leads to the considerable loss of final intensity of the atomic beam.
A production of low velocity and monoenergetic atomic beams would increase the resolution in spectroscopic studies and many other experiments in atomic physics. Laser Cooling uses the radiation pressure to decelerate and cool atoms. The effusing from a glow discharge metastable argon atomic beam is affected by a counterpropagating laser light tuned to the cycling transition in argon. The Zeeman shift caused by a spatially varying magnetic field compensates for the changing Doppler shift that takes the atoms out of resonance as they decelerated. Deceleration and velocity bunching of atoms to a final velocity that depends on the detuning of the laser relative to a frequency of the transition have been observed. Time-of-Flight (TOF) spectroscopy is used to examine the velocity distribution of the cooled atomic beam. These TOF studies of the laser cooled atomic beam demonstrate the utility of laser deceleration for atomic-beam "velocity selection".
We describe the results of three sets of experiments to investigate producing cold slow collimated potassium atoms for applications with no access available for the introduction of counterpropagating laser light along the exiting atomic beam's axis. Velocity profiles are obtained via fluorescence from D1 excitation at perpendicular and nearly parallel incidence by a probe laser. Spatial profiles of both the cold- and residual hot-beam components are measured with a position-scanned hot-wire detector. Velocity-component holes and decelerated cold components are observed, along with direct evidence of perpendicular heating of the cold components. A first set of experiments uses a variant of conventional chirp cooling and/or hole burning. Light is introduced by a heated inclined mirror, while atoms exit through a slit in the mirror. Loss of intensity at low velocity is observed and discussed. A second set of experiments investigates velocity-selective optical-pumping crossover resonances that occur near the mirror, where the incident and reflected beams overlap for several alternative geometries. A third set of experiments investigates cold-beam production using laser-induced velocity selection and deflection. It provides a higher cold-atom intensity, along with the means to perform high-resolution spectroscopy.
In the ultracold FIB project a high brightness ion beam is developed for usage in a focused ion beam (FIB) source. This Focused Ion Beam can be used in applications where milling, imaging and deposition at the nanoscale needs to be done with increasing demands on control and resolution. The generation of the ion beam done in three stage principle. The first stage is the generation of the atomic beam and this is the subject of this work. The following stages first transversely cool and compress the atomic beam by using laser cooling techniques and then ionize and accelerate the atoms to form the ion beam. The generation of the atomic beam is done using a Knudsen cell; an effusive oven containing a vapor of rubidium atoms. The pressure difference between the vapor pressure in the oven and the vacuum outside the oven generates a flow of atoms from the oven to the vacuum. Only atoms that have a low transverse velocity can be captured by the laser cooling stage and will attribute to the ion beam. Therefore it is important to minimize the divergence in the beam and to this extent a collimating tube is used to connect the effusive oven to the vacuum system. The collimating tube minimizes beam divergence and compared to other collimating mechanisms it reduces the amount of rubidium loss, therefore greatly increasing the lifetime of the system.In order to measure the transverse velocity distribution, the transverse beam profile and the total flux, Laser-Induced Fluorescence measurements have been performed. These measurements show that the source generates an atomic beam with a particle flux ranging from 107 s-1 at a source temperature of 60 ºC to 1010 s-1 at a source temperature of 160 ºC. The flux is lower than predicted by theory and the transverse velocity distribution is broader than predicted by theory. However, the particle flux is stable within 1% and the installation of an active temperature controller promises to improve this stability even further. In the ultracold FIB project a high brightness ion beam is developed for usage in a focused ion beam (FIB) source. This Focused Ion Beam can be used in applications where milling, imaging and deposition at the nanoscale needs to be done with increasing demands on control and resolution. The generation of the ion beam done in three stage principle. The first stage is the generation of the atomic beam and this is the subject of this work. The following stages first transversely cool and compress the atomic beam by using laser cooling techniques and then ionize and accelerate the atoms to form the ion beam. The generation of the atomic beam is done using a Knudsen cell; an effusive oven containing a vapor of rubidium atoms. The pressure difference between the vapor pressure in the oven and the vacuum outside the oven generates a flow of atoms from the oven to the vacuum. Only atoms that have a low transverse velocity can be captured by the laser cooling stage and will attribute to the ion beam. Therefore it is important to minimize the divergence in the beam and to this extent a collimating tube is used to connect the effusive oven to the vacuum system. The collimating tube minimizes beam divergence and compared to other collimating mechanisms it reduces the amount of rubidium loss, therefore greatly increasing the lifetime of the system.In order to measure the transverse velocity distribution, the transverse beam profile and the total flux, Laser-Induced Fluorescence measurements have been performed. These measurements show that the source generates an atomic beam with a particle flux ranging from 107 s-1 at a source temperature of 60 ºC to 1010 s-1 at a source temperature of 160 ºC. The flux is lower than predicted by theory and the transverse velocity distribution is broader than predicted by theory. However, the particle flux is stable within 1% and the installation of an active temperature controller promises to improve this stability even further.