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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications

Performance of Multi-Antenna Proactive Eavesdropping in 5G Uplink Systems

Cheng Zhang, Xiaolong Miao, Yongming Huang, Lüxi Yang, Lan Tang

Published Jan 30, 2023• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper studies the performance of multi-antenna proactive eavesdropping in 5G uplink systems with spatially correlated Rayleigh fadings, where the base station (BS) serves an illegal user and a multi-antenna legitimate monitor eavesdrops the suspicious link with the help of jamming attack. Based on a practical assumption of channel state information (CSI) in 5G uplink, i.e., imperfect instantaneous CSI of the suspicious link at the BS and that of eavesdropping link at the monitor, and only jamming channel statistics at the monitor, we first give a statistical jamming beamforming design. Then, semi-closed form expressions of eavesdropping non-outage probability and relative average eavesdropping rate are, respectively, derived for delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant scenarios. Via reasonable approximations and asymptotic analysis, we gain many insights on the effect of key system parameters, e.g., location-dependent channel path loss and angular spread, jamming energy and the number of antennas. Further, we provide the optimal energy allocation between pilot and data jamming and the optimal antenna allocation between jamming and eavesdropping under total energy constraint and total antenna number, respectively, which are both explicit functions of system parameters. Finally, simulation results validate our analytical results.

DOI
10.1109/twc.2023.3239384

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This paper studies the performance of multi-antenna proactive eavesdropping in 5G uplink systems with spatially correlated Rayleigh fadings, where the base station (BS) serves an illegal user and a multi-antenna legitimate monitor eavesdrops the suspicious link with the help of jamming attack. Based on a practical assumption of channel state information (CSI) in 5G uplink, i.e., imperfect instantaneous CSI of the suspicious link at the BS and that of eavesdropping link at the monitor, and only jamming channel statistics at the monitor, we first give a statistical jamming beamforming design. Then, semi-closed form expressions of eavesdropping non-outage probability and relative average eavesdropping rate are, respectively, derived for delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant scenarios. Via reasonable approximations and asymptotic analysis, we gain many insights on the effect of key system parameters, e.g., location-dependent channel path loss and angular spread, jamming energy and the number of antennas. Further, we provide the optimal energy allocation between pilot and data jamming and the optimal antenna allocation between jamming and eavesdropping under total energy constraint and total antenna number, respectively, which are both explicit functions of system parameters. Finally, simulation results validate our analytical results.
Recently, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been considered as a promising technique in 5G network, and many investigations have addressed on the physical layer security to improve the security performance. In this paper, an alternative problem, where the eavesdropping process is considered as a legal activity, will be analyzed to track suspicious communications. More specifically, we study a wireless surveillance system in which the legitimate monitor is equipped with multi-antenna to overhear the messages between the suspicious receiver and the suspicious transmitter. Suspicious users are grouped into pairs and use the NOMA technique to transmit signals to a suspicious base station. Meanwhile, the legitimate monitor (LM) simultaneously transmits jamming signals, listens to suspicious links, decode-and-forward (DF) the eavesdropped information to the legitimate eavesdropper (LE). Based on the proposed mechanism, we investigate the power allocation policies for jamming signals of the legitimate monitor under deterministic and non-deterministic interference channel. Accordingly, we derive the closed-form expression of the successful eavesdropping probability for the best and the worst user to evaluate the system performance. Monte Carlo simulations are provided to verify our analytical results.
To improve national security, government agencies have long been committed to enforcing powerful surveillance measures on suspicious individuals or communications. In this paper, we consider a wireless legitimate surveillance system, where a full-duplex multi-antenna legitimate monitor aims to eavesdrop on a dubious communication link between a suspicious pair via proactive jamming. Assuming that the legitimate monitor can successfully overhear the suspicious information only when its achievable data rate is no smaller than that of the suspicious receiver, the key objective is to maximize the eavesdropping non-outage probability by joint design of the jamming power, receive and transmit beamformers at the legitimate monitor. Depending on the number of receive/transmit antennas implemented, i.e., single-input single-output, single-input multiple-output, multiple-input single-output, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), four different scenarios are investigated. For each scenario, the optimal jamming power is derived in a closed form and efficient algorithms are obtained for the optimal transmit/receive beamforming vectors. Moreover, low-complexity suboptimal beamforming schemes are proposed for the MIMO case. Our analytical findings demonstrate that by exploiting multiple antennas at the legitimate monitor, the eavesdropping non-outage probability can be significantly improved compared with the single-antenna case. In addition, the proposed suboptimal transmit zero-forcing scheme yields similar performance as the optimal scheme.
From the perspective of national security, legitimate government agencies have long been committed to enforcing powerful surveillance measures on suspicious individuals or communications. This paper investigates a wireless legitimate surveillance system, where a full-duplex multi-antenna legitimate monitor aims to eavesdrop on a dubious communication link between a suspicious pair via proactive jamming. It is assumed that the legitimate monitor can successfully eavesdrop the suspicious information only when its achievable data rate is no smaller than that of the suspicious receiver. To maximize the eavesdropping non-outage probability, optimal joint design of the jamming power, receive and transmit beamformers at the legitimate monitor is presented. Moreover, two low-complexity suboptimal beamforming schemes are proposed and the corresponding analytical results are obtained. Our outcomes demonstrate that by exploiting multiple antennas at the legitimate monitor, the eavesdropping non-outage probability exhibits a significant improvement compared to the single antenna case. In addition, the proposed suboptimal transmit zero-forcing scheme yields similar performance as the optimal scheme.
Proactive eavesdropping is an effective method for government to monitor suspicious users who are deemed to misuse communication systems for illegal activities. In this paper, considering that a legitimate full-duplex (FD) eavesdropper tries to monitor a dubious multi-antenna system, we propose a covert pilot spoofing attack (PSA) scheme to enhance the legitimate eavesdropping performance by taking the channel training phase into consideration. For the proposed covert PSA scheme, the total error detection probability and optimal detection threshold of suspicious source are derived as the worst case for the considered monitoring system. Given the optimal detection threshold, the closed-form expressions of effective eavesdropping rate are also derived based on the results of detection at suspicious source. Furthermore, an optimal power allocation algorithm to maximize the effective eavesdropping rate is proposed under the covert PSA and transmission power constraints. Simulation results illustrate that the adversary's uncertain about channel state information (CSI) before channel estimation process, can be exploited by legitimate eavesdropper to cover the PSA without being detected. Therefore, the proposed covert PSA scheme can achieve a better performance with respect to effective eavesdropping rate and effectively combat with a suspicious multi-antenna system.
This paper studies a legitimate proactive eavesdropping scenario where a central monitor covertly wiretaps the communications between suspicious users through a full-duplex multi-antenna relay. Specifically, the suspicious information is intercepted by the eavesdropping relay, and then encoded and forwarded to the central monitor. At the same time, the relay sends jamming signals to the suspect destination to reduce the quality of suspicious communication. To minimize the suspicious secrecy rate, the optimal forwarding and jamming beamforming vectors of the eavesdropping relay are first designed. Based on this optimized result, the best power allocation ratio is obtained. To this end, the optimal beamforming vectors and power allocation ratio are derived in closed-form. The simulation results verify the existence of the optimal forwarding power of the relay and show that the proposed scheme achieves better performance than the conventional schemes.
To enhance the national security, there is a growing need for authorized parties to legitimately monitor suspicious communication links for preventing intended crimes and terror attacks. In this paper, we propose a new wireless information surveillance paradigm by investigating a scenario, where a legitimate monitor aims to intercept a suspicious wireless link over fading channels. The legitimate monitor can successfully eavesdrop (decode) the information of the suspicious link at each fading state only when its achievable data rate is no smaller than that at the suspicious receiver. We propose a new approach, namely, proactive eavesdropping via cognitive jamming, in which the legitimate monitor purposely jams the receiver in a full-duplex mode so as to change the suspicious communication (e.g., to a smaller data rate) for overhearing more efficiently. By assuming perfect self-interference cancelation (SIC) and global channel state information (CSI) at the legitimate monitor, we characterize the fundamental information-theoretic limits of proactive eavesdropping. We consider both delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant applications for the suspicious communication, under which the legitimate monitor maximizes the eavesdropping non-outage probability (for event-based monitoring) and the relative eavesdropping rate (for content analysis), respectively, by optimizing the jamming power allocation over different fading states subject to an average power constraint. Numerical results show that the proposed proactive eavesdropping via cognitive jamming approach greatly outperforms other benchmark schemes. Furthermore, by extending to a more practical scenario with residual SI and local CSI, we design an efficient online cognitive jamming scheme inspired by the optimal cognitive jamming with perfect SIC and global CSI.