In cybersecurity, blockchain is essential for achieving privacy of IoT data as it provides the immutability feature. Blockchain is currently one of the most cutting-edge technologies, and it has received a lot of attention and research. The majority of current cryptography techniques could be broken with the efforts made to realize large-scale quantum computers. In order to create blockchain frameworks, a quantum tool must be able to execute at the level of digital computers and fend off potential attacks from both digital and quantum computers. A thorough analysis of the current literature on implementing Blockchain and Quantum Computing over IoT network will be crucial. In order to comprehend the state-of-the-art of this developing technology, this work aims to highlight unresolved issues that the IoT community will need to deal with in the upcoming years. This article also presents a comprehensive review of Quantum Computing and Blockchain Technologies deployed over IoT applications. Keywords Quantum Computing, Internet-of-Things (IoT), Blockchain, Cryptography, Quantum resistant Cryptosystems
In cybersecurity, blockchain is essential for achieving privacy of IoT data as it provides the immutability feature. Blockchain is currently one of the most cutting-edge technologies, and it has received a lot of attention and research. The majority of current cryptography techniques could be broken with the efforts made to realize large-scale quantum computers. In order to create blockchain frameworks, a quantum tool must be able to execute at the level of digital computers and fend off potential attacks from both digital and quantum computers. A thorough analysis of the current literature on implementing Blockchain and Quantum Computing over IoT network will be crucial. In order to comprehend the state-of-the-art of this developing technology, this work aims to highlight unresolved issues that the IoT community will need to deal with in the upcoming years. This article also presents a comprehensive review of Quantum Computing and Blockchain Technologies deployed over IoT applications. Keywords Quantum Computing, Internet-of-Things (IoT), Blockchain, Cryptography, Quantum resistant Cryptosystems
Rapid growth in IoT devices creates major security difficulties because they present potential weakening of systems to cyberattacks and open data breaches in addition to unauthorized system access. Traditional security methods relying on centralized authentication together with classical cryptographic techniques prove inadequate because they have single points of failure and exist under the threat of quantum computing advancement. A new system integrates blockchain technology and quantum cryptography according to this paper to resolve security issues. Data security through blockchain systems gives access to decentralized trust features together with tamper-proof records and ensures data integrity while quantum cryptographic methods especially Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enable unconditional cryptographic key transfers and communications. A proposed security framework protects IoT networks through the integration of blockchain's unalterable system and QKD's quantum-resistant capabilities which create a strong defence system against classical and quantum-based threats. The approach includes three primary achievements: a system design that scales and performs security analyses together with performance tests that prove practicality. The presented research enables the development of next-generation IoT security measures suited for modern quantum technology advancements.
The cybersecurity challenges are posed increasingly by sophisticated cyberattacks in the context of blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), and the digital world. Highlighting the vulnerabilities in current systems, particularly within supply chains, the paper emphasizes the urgent need for robust cyber-resilience. It examines the potential of quantum cryptography, specifically quantum key distribution (QKD), to provide theoretically unbreakable encryption, addressing the limitations of traditional cryptographic methods. Furthermore, the paper discusses the role of blockchain technology in ensuring data security and integrity through its immutability and decentralized nature. Finally, it addresses the security risks associated with IoT implementation in supply chains and advocates for a multi-layered security approach combining encryption, monitoring, and blockchain integration to mitigate these risks.
Quantum cryptography has the potential to secure the infrastructures that are vulnerable to various attacks, like classical attacks, including quantum-related attacks. Therefore, quantum cryptography seems to be a promising technology for the future secure online infrastructures and applications, like blockchain-based frameworks. In this paper, we propose a generic quantum blockchain-envisioned security framework for an Internet of Things (IoT) environment. We then discuss some potential applications of the proposed framework. We also highlight the security advantages of quantum cryptography-based systems. We explain the working of blockchain, applications of blockchain, types of blockchain, the structure of blockchain, the structure of blockchain in a classical blockchain, and the structure of a block in a quantum blockchain context. Next, the adverse effects of quantum computing on the security of blockchain-based frameworks are highlighted. Furthermore, the comparisons of quantum cryptography-based security schemes, like quantum key distribution, quantum digital signature, and quantum hashing schemes, are provided. Finally, some future research directions related to the designed generic quantum blockchain-envisioned security framework for IoT are provided.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has grown rapidly, transforming various aspects of daily life into intelligent systems capable of collecting and exchanging data in real time. At the same time, advances in quantum computing have given rise to powerful quantum computers capable of processing complex tasks at unprecedented speed. This disparity between the limited resources of IoT devices and the capabilities of quantum computers poses significant security challenges. Quantum computers introduce new vulnerabilities that threaten IoT systems, particularly in critical applications such as connected healthcare, industrial networks, smart infrastructure, and secure embedded systems. This study reviews the existing literature on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) applied to IoT devices. It analyzes the characteristics and security requirements of IoT environments, current security technologies, and unresolved issues. It highlights the growing threat of post-quantum attacks and the need to adapt security strategies. Finally, the study explores post-quantum code-based cryptosystems as solutions to enhance the security of resource-constrained IoT applications and ensure their resilience against future challenges.
The rapid expansion and inherent resource limitations of Internet of Things (IoT) devices necessitate robust, future-proof security solutions, particularly against sophisticated data integrity threats and the imminent risk of quantum computing attacks. This paper provides a systematic literature review (SLR) of the architectural integration of blockchain with quantum technologies (quantum key distribution (QKD) and post-quantum cryptography (PQC)) for a two-stage trust model in IoT communication. This review summarizes existing methods and answers three key research questions. The results show that permissioned blockchains are primarily used for trust management to ensure the non-repudiation and immutability of data. Notably, there is a clear dividing line in the application of quantum solutions: QKD is particularly suitable for securing high-capacity backbone communications (server gateways), whereas PQC (especially lattice-based algorithms such as Kyber and Dilithium) is the mainstream resource-efficient solution for IoT terminals. However, this integration also has significant drawbacks, such as high latency due to blockchain consensus mechanisms and increased memory and CPU requirements from PQC implementations. The main challenge is the lack of standardized protocols for integrating QKD key management with smart contract functionality. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current architectures, assesses their performance trade-offs, and outlines a clear research agenda aimed at developing standardized hybrid protocols for future trusted IoT systems and optimizing resource-efficient, quantum-resistant consensus mechanisms.
Internet of things (IoT) is a developing technology with a lot of scope in the future. It can ease various different tasks for us. On one hand, IoT is useful for us, on the other hand, it has many serious security threats, like data breaches, side-channel attacks, and virus and data authentication. Classical cryptographic algorithms, like the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm, work well under the classical computers. But the technology is slowly shifting towards quantum computing, which has immense processing power and is more than enough to break the current cryptographic algorithms easily. So it is required that we have to design quantum cryptographic algorithms to prevent our systems from security breaches even before quantum computers come in the market for commercial uses. IoT will also be one of the disciplines, which needs to be secured to prevent any malicious activities. In this paper, we review the common security threats in IoT and the presently available solutions with their drawbacks. Then quantum cryptography is introduced with some of its variations. And finally, the analysis has been carried out in terms of the pros and cons of implementing quantum cryptography for IoT security.