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Quantum Information Processing

A quantum key distribution routing scheme for hybrid-trusted QKD network system

Liquan Chen, Jingqi Chen, Qian-Ye Chen, Yongli Zhao

Published Jan 19, 2023• 21 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11128-022-03825-x

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With the continuous development of quantum computing technology, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is an important means of secure communication in the post-quantum era. However, the high cost of trusted routing relays in QKD networks has hindered its widespread adoption in power systems. Reducing costs is the key to the popularization of QKD in large-scale data grid scenarios. Therefore, this paper proposes a routing scheme for QKD network in a hybrid trusted environment. Our scheme is based on SDN architecture, utilizing the characteristics of QKD network in hybrid trusted environment, through prioritizing the selection of trusted paths (composed entirely of trusted quantum nodes) and backup selection of hybrid trusted paths (composed of both trusted and semi-trusted quantum nodes), implementing a unified dynamic routing strategy to obtain the optimal quantum routing path. Furthermore, by collecting topology information and real-time link status of the power grid, a calculation method for the number of paths and link costs is proposed to maximize load balancing in the network. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that our scheme outperforms routing schemes relying solely on trusted quantum nodes for key distribution, as well as other cooperative routing schemes involving semi-trusted quantum nodes, in terms of success rate of distribution and load balancing.
Hybrid-trusted Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) networks face unique security challenges due to semi-trusted nodes. These nodes may introduce security threats such as man-in-the-middle attacks and key storage side-channel leakage. With the increasing complexity of QKD network architectures and expanding application scenarios, substantial divergences have emerged between user requirements for communication duration and cryptographic security demands. To address security challenges in hybrid-trusted QKD environments and provide differentiated services for users with varying requirements, this paper proposes a Service Requirement-based Hybrid-Trusted QKD Network (SRHT-QKDN) routing scheme. We propose a time-slot allocation model for QKD that employs time-slot resources as substitutes for key-generation resources in resource allocation processes. For sustained key distribution required by prolonged communications, the scheme implements two distinct time slot allocation algorithms: continuous-consistent and discrete-inconsistent allocation, enabling periodic quantum key updates. Concurrently, QKD requests are classified into three security levels, with corresponding routing strategies developed for each tier to achieve security service differentiation while maintaining routing success rates. Simulations conducted under four distinct operational conditions demonstrate that the SRHT-QKDN routing scheme not only effectively fulfills key continuity requirements but also achieves optimal overall performance in request success rate and security assurance, outperforming two benchmark routing schemes.
Aiming at the problem that the quantum key distribution strategy in the existing QKD network based on key relay cannot meet the routing requirements in the hybrid network environment, we analyzes the routing characteristics of the classic-quantum hybrid network and proposes the corresponding routing requirements, and then designs the quantum key distribution strategy based on ant colony algorithm. The ant colony algorithm is used to analyze the execution cost of ants to search for the best global quantum key distribution, which improves the key routing efficiency in the classical and quantum hybrid network environment. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has the advantages of fast convergence of routing update, small delay of quantum key distribution and more balanced network load.