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Physica Scripta

Electromagnetically induced acoustic transparency amplifier using a superconducting transmon circuit

Syeda Aliya Batool, Rahmatullah Rahmatullah, Sajid Qamar

Published Jan 15, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We present a scheme for the amplification of electromagnetically induced acoustic transparency (EIAT) in a superconducting transmon circuit. Recently, EIAT has been demonstrated experimentally in a three-level ladder-type superconducting artificial atom [G Andersson et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 240 402 (2020)]. In this experiment, the authors have noticed only 20% transmission of surface acoustic waves (SAW) due to limited linewidth of the EIT window. Here we utilize an additional microwave field to enhance the transmission of SAW. This additional field increases the coherence in the second excited state which causes the amplification in transmission and the reduction in corresponding group velocity is achieved.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/acb32f

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Abstract We present a scheme for the amplification of electromagnetically induced acoustic transparency (EIAT) in a superconducting transmon circuit. Recently, EIAT has been demonstrated experimentally in a three-level ladder-type superconducting artificial atom [G Andersson et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 240 402 (2020)]. In this experiment, the authors have noticed only 20% transmission of surface acoustic waves (SAW) due to limited linewidth of the EIT window. Here we utilize an additional microwave field to enhance the transmission of SAW. This additional field increases the coherence in the second excited state which causes the amplification in transmission and the reduction in corresponding group velocity is achieved.
We report the observation of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of a mechanical field, where a superconducting artificial atom is coupled to a 1D-transmission line for surface acoustic waves. An electromagnetic microwave drive is used as the control field, rendering the superconducting transmon qubit transparent to the acoustic probe beam. The strong frequency dependence of the acoustic coupling enables EIT in a ladder configuration due to the suppressed relaxation of the upper level. Our results show that superconducting circuits can be engineered to interact with acoustic fields in parameter regimes not readily accessible to purely electromagnetic systems.
The past 20 years has seen rapid developments in circuit quantum electrodynamics, where superconducting qubits and resonators are used to control and study quantum light-matter interaction at a fundamental level. The development of this field is strongly influenced by quantum information science and the prospect of realizing quantum computation, but also opens up opportunities for combinations of different physical systems and research areas. Superconducting circuits in the microwave domain offer a versatile platform for interfacing with other quantum systems thanks to strong nonlinearities and zero-point fluctuations, as well as flexibility in design and fabrication. Hybrid quantum systems based on circuit quantum electrodynamics could enable novel functionalities by exploiting the strengths of the individual components.This thesis covers experiments coupling superconducting circuits to surface acoustic waves (SAWs), mechanical waves propagating along the surface of a solid. Strong coupling can be engineered using the piezoelectric properties of GaAs substrates, and our experiments exploit this to investigate phenomena in quantum field-matter interaction. A key property of surface acoustic waves is the slow propagation speed, typically five orders of magnitude slower than light in vacuum, and the associated short wavelength. This enables the giant atom regime where the artificial atom in the form of a superconducting circuit is large compared to the wavelength of interacting SAW radiation, a condition which is difficult to realize in other systems. Experiments described in this thesis use these properties to demonstrate electromagnetically induced transparency for a mechanical mode, as well as non-Markovian interactions between an artificial giant atom and the SAW field. When the SAW field is confined to a resonant cavity, the short wavelength allows multimode spectra suitable for interacting with a frequency comb. We use a multimode SAW resonator to characterize the ensemble of microscopic two-level system defects with a two-tone spectroscopy approach. Finally, we introduce a hybrid superconducting-SAW resonator with applications in quantum information processing in mind. Experiments with this device demonstrate entanglement of SAW modes, and show promising results on the way to engineer cluster states for quantum computation in continuous variables.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has been realized in atomic systems, but fulfilling the EIT conditions for artificial atoms made from superconducting circuits is a more difficult task. Here we report an experimental observation of the EIT in a tunable three-dimensional transmon by probing the cavity transmission. To fulfill the EIT conditions, we tune the transmon to adjust its damping rates by utilizing the effect of the cavity on the transmon states. From the experimental observations, we clearly identify the EIT and Autler-Townes splitting (ATS) regimes as well as the transition regime in between. Also, the experimental data demonstrate that the threshold ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathrm{AIC}}$ determined by the Akaike information criterion can describe the EIT-ATS transition better than the threshold ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathrm{EIT}}$ given by the EIT theory.
Based on gain assisted electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), we propose a scheme for coherent manipulation and storage of a microwave pulse propagating through a linear array of superconducting artificial atoms (SAAs). In an EIT-based system, the signal operates in an absorption mode, and its attenuation cannot be avoided during propagation. This results in low transmissivity of the medium. We show that based on gain assisted EIT, the attenuation can be ameliorated, and a probe pulse can be amplified while it propagates through the medium with significant reduction in its group velocity. The linear array of SAAs can thus act as a gain assisted EIT-based coherent microwave memory scheme with high fidelity.
The study of light-matter interaction in superconducting quantum circuits has seen remarkable progress over the last 202020 years. By engineering artificial atoms, novel quantum phenomena have been demonstrated, and old ideas have come into a new light. Beyond their application to basic science, the prospect of implementing large-scale quantum information processing with superconducting circuits has fueled a rapid development of surrounding technologies, with ever-increasing control over their behavior as a result. The field's success stems primarily from the flexible design and strong non-linearity of the artificial atom, whose coherent interaction with both electrical and mechanical degrees of freedom has opened many doors for science. This thesis deals with the interaction between artificial atoms and quantum fields in one-dimensional waveguides. The waveguide represents a one-dimensional environment for the atom, which we use to study the properties of open quantum systems. All quantum systems are, in fact, open, and interactions between the system and its environment lead inevitably to a loss of energy and quantum coherence. A continuous loss of information into the environment is called a Markovian process. The work contained in this thesis indicates that deviations from a Markovian process can be detected in the steady state of driven systems. This could simplify the detection of non-Markovianity in open quantum systems, as no information about the system's transient dynamics would be necessary.Specifically, this thesis considers both electromagnetic fields in microwave transmission lines and acoustic fields in the form of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) traveling on the surface of solids. The recent realization of artificial atoms interacting with acoustic waves has opened up a new research field called quantum acoustics. We have built a model of the interaction between atoms and SAWs that predicts the existence of a new regime where the atom forms its own cavity. Additionally, we have considered synthesizing electromagnetically induced transparency, a quantum optics phenomena in opaque media where the absorption of photons is canceled, in waveguides using multiple closely spaced two-level systems. Some of the work in this thesis represents experimental work done in collaboration. In the first experiment, we studied the routing of acoustic waves at the quantum level. In the other experiment, we demonstrated electromagnetically induced transparency by creating an effective Lambda\\LambdaLambda system using a giant artificial atom. This thesis reviews the numerical techniques used to model these experiments.
Quantum networks will enable extraordinary capabilities for communicating and processing quantum information. These networks require a reliable means of storage, retrieval, and manipulation of quantum states at the network nodes. A node receives one or more coherent inputs and sends a conditional output to the next cascaded node in the network through a quantum channel. Here, we demonstrate this basic functionality by using the quantum interference mechanism of electromagnetically induced transparency in a transmon qubit coupled to a superconducting resonator. First, we apply a microwave bias, i.e., drive, to the qubit-cavity system to prepare a Λ-type three-level system of polariton states. Second, we input two interchangeable microwave signals, i.e., a probe tone and a control tone, and observe that transmission of the probe tone is conditional upon the presence of the control tone that switches the state of the device with up to 99.73% transmission extinction. Importantly, our electromagnetically induced transparency scheme uses all dipole allowed transitions. We infer high dark state preparation fidelities of >99.39% and negative group velocities of up to -0.52±0.09 km/s based on our data.