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Quantum Technology: Driving Commercialisation of an Enabling Science

Quantum-enhanced interferometry for dark matter searches

J. Heinze, Artemiy V. Dmitriev, Alex Gill, J. Smetana, Vincent Boyer, Д. В. Мартынов

Published Jan 11, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present the design and status of a detector to search for axions and axion-like particles in the galactic halo using quantum-enhanced interferometry. The operating principle is related to previously reported ideas, but aims for axions in the mass range from 10−16 eV up to 10−8 eV. We also show how to apply squeezed states of light to enhance the sensitivity similar to the gravitational-wave detectors. This experiment has the potential to be further scaled up to a multi-kilometre long detector and to then set constraints of the axion-photon coupling coefficient of ∼ 10−18 GeV−1 for axion masses of 10−16 eV, or detect a signal.

DOI
10.1117/12.2644878

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We present the design and status of a detector to search for axions and axion-like particles in the galactic halo using quantum-enhanced interferometry. The operating principle is related to previously reported ideas, but aims for axions in the mass range from 10−16 eV up to 10−8 eV. We also show how to apply squeezed states of light to enhance the sensitivity similar to the gravitational-wave detectors. This experiment has the potential to be further scaled up to a multi-kilometre long detector and to then set constraints of the axion-photon coupling coefficient of ∼ 10−18 GeV−1 for axion masses of 10−16 eV, or detect a signal.
We propose a paradigm for quantum enhanced axion dark matter search, which does not rely on power measurements. We propose to measure directly the axion amplitude and phase in an interferometric protocol at the quantum limit, using a non-linear cavity. In addition, we introduce gyromagnetic modes as wide mass range transducers for axion signals compatible with standard haloscope designs. We expect this scheme to offer an improvement of at least 4 orders of magnitude in figure of merit and at least 2 orders of magnitude in mass window with respect to standard haloscopes. Owing to its generality, our proposed protocol has the potential to speed up axion search but also the search for dark photons or other cosmological objects, such as galactic masers.
Quantum phase measurements offer a complementary route to axion searches. We show that axion-photon interactions can imprint both Aharonov-Bohm (AB) and Berry phases in experimentally motivated quantum setups. For a coherently oscillating axion dark matter background, the induced effective current generates a time dependent magnetic flux in an rf-SQUID, leading to a measurable voltage signal through the Josephson phase. For representative benchmarks, this AB phase search reaches the minimum axion-photon coupling gaγγ_{aγγ}aγγ​min^{min}min ∼ 7.8 × 10−14^{-14}−14 GeV−1^{-1}−1 at axion mass ma_aa​ ∼ 10−10^{-10}−10 eV, with projected sensitivity that can improve on existing limits in that parameter space by roughly one to two orders of magnitude. We also identify a geometric phase observable in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adiabatically rotating magnetic field, providing a proof-of-principle phase-based probe of meV-scale axions even when they do not constitute the dark matter, although sensitivity on the coupling remains weaker than current bounds with conservative tabletop benchmarks. Extending the analysis to a three level photon-axion quasiparticle (AQP)-axion system, with the AQP realized in a topological magnetic insulator, we find a potentially measurable THz Berry phase dominated by the AQP sector, furnishing a nontrivial validation of the formalism in a richer coupled system. These setups establish quantum phase observables as a useful new framework for axion searches, with immediate phenomenological promise in superconducting circuits and longer term potential in quantum enhanced interferometry.
We present a novel quantum sensing approach to search for axion-electron interactions around the axion mass of 6 \mueV. In this region, laboratory searches are relatively scarce, and our direct experiment measuring the axion-electron coupling constant reaches the sensitivity of 8 \times 10^{-6} GeV^{-1}. The method, based on an organic molecular maser establishes a proof-of-principle for quantum-enhanced detection, with a corresponding magnetic field sensitivity of 0.85 fT/\sqrt{\rm{Hz}}. The methodology is generic and can be readily extended to other physical systems, further broadening its applicability in quantum sensing and dark matter searches.
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Quantum phase measurements offer a complementary route to axion searches. We show that axion-photon interactions can imprint both Aharonov-Bohm (AB) and Berry phases in experimentally motivated quantum setups. For a coherently oscillating axion dark matter background, the induced effective current generates a time dependent magnetic flux in an rf-SQUID, leading to a measurable voltage signal through the Josephson phase. For representative benchmarks, this AB phase search reaches the minimum axion-photon coupling gaγγmin∼7.8×10−14 GeV−1g_{aγγ}^{\mathrm{min}}\sim 7.8\times10^{-14}~\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}gaγγmin​∼7.8×10−14 GeV−1 at axion mass ma∼10−10 eVm_a\sim 10^{-10}~\mathrm{eV}ma​∼10−10 eV, with projected sensitivity that can improve on existing limits in that parameter space by roughly one to two orders of magnitude. We also identify a geometric phase observable in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adiabatically rotating magnetic field, providing a proof-of-principle phase-based probe of meV-scale axions even when they do not constitute the dark matter, although sensitivity on the coupling remains weaker than current bounds with conservative tabletop benchmarks. Extending the analysis to a three level photon-axion quasiparticle (AQP)-axion system, with the AQP realized in a topological magnetic insulator, we find a potentially measurable THz Berry phase dominated by the AQP sector, furnishing a nontrivial validation of the formalism in a richer coupled system. These setups establish quantum phase observables as a useful new framework for axion searches, with immediate phenomenological promise in superconducting circuits and longer term potential in quantum enhanced interferometry.
The search for the axion like particles (APLs)-one of the deepest puzzles in modern cosmology-may hold the key to understanding dark matter and dark energy. In this work, we introduce a setup taking advantage of the quantum metrology techniques to constrain the hypothetical mass and coupling constants of APLs by employing exotic pseudoscalar spin-spin interactions between fermions mediated by ALPs. A key advantage of our approach is the exploitation of position-dependent spin sensor results to the high sensitivity of the probe. To simultaneously investigate the axion mass and coupling constants, we invoke a multi-probe detection strategy. Through this strategy, we circumvent the singularity of the quantum Fisher information matrix as an ultimate upper bound on the sensitivity of any probe. For the axion masses in the range of ma≤10−3eVm_a {\le} 10^{-3} \text{eV}ma​≤10−3eV, this setup can exclude values of axion coupling constants gpegpng^e_pg^n_pgpe​gpn​ down to 10−710^{-7}10−7.