Underwater communication based on the use of optical quantum resources has attracted a lot of attention in the last five years due to the potential advantages offered by quantum states of light. In this context, we propose to operate in the mesoscopic intensity regime, where the optical states are well populated and the employed detectors have photon-number resolution. By exploiting these features, we demonstrate that a novel communication protocol based on the experimental quantification of nonclassicality of mesoscopic twin-beam states can be used to transmit binary signals encoded in two single-mode pseudothermal states with different mean values through a Jerlov type I water channel. The experimental results are in perfect agreement with the developed theoretical model, and the feasibility of the protocol is also investigated as a function of the data samples corresponding to each one of the two signals. The good quality of the results encourages a more realistic implementation of the protocol, also exploring the maximum distance at which the quantum states remain nonclassical and thus can be still properly discriminated.
Underwater communication based on the use of optical quantum resources has attracted a lot of attention in the last five years due to the potential advantages offered by quantum states of light. In this context, we propose to operate in the mesoscopic intensity regime, where the optical states are well populated and the employed detectors have photon-number resolution. By exploiting these features, we demonstrate that a novel communication protocol based on the experimental quantification of nonclassicality of mesoscopic twin-beam states can be used to transmit binary signals encoded in two single-mode pseudothermal states with different mean values through a Jerlov type I water channel. The experimental results are in perfect agreement with the developed theoretical model, and the feasibility of the protocol is also investigated as a function of the data samples corresponding to each one of the two signals. The good quality of the results encourages a more realistic implementation of the protocol, also exploring the maximum distance at which the quantum states remain nonclassical and thus can be still properly discriminated.
The problem of secure underwater communication can take advantage of the exploitation of quantum resources and novel quantum technologies. At variance with the current experiments performed at the single photon level, here we propose a different scenario involving mesoscopic twin-beam states of light and two classes of commercial photon-number-resolving detectors. We prove that twin-beam states remain nonclassical even if the signal propagates in tubes filled with water, while the idler is transmitted in free space. We also demonstrate that from the study of the nonclassicality information about the loss and noise sources affecting the transmission channels can be successfully extracted.
Quantum resources can improve the security of information transmission between two parties. So far, Quantum Communication protocols have been implemented at the single-photon level by means of entangled states [1]. In contrast to this domain, where the presence of losses can reduce the transmission rate of information [2], in the mesoscopic one the optical pulses contain sizeable numbers of photons, thus resulting more robust against any kind of external degradation [3]. In a recent work of ours, we have demonstrated that the transmission of one arm of a twin-beam (TWB) state through a lossy and noisy channel does not prevent the observation of nonclassical correlations between the two parties [4]. Based on these successful results, here we consider a more realistic scenario, in which a portion of TWB produced in aβ-Barium Borate (BBO) crystal is sent through water-filled tubes, while the other one undergoes free-space propagation [5]. We investigate the role played by the length of the tubes, the number of optical elements (OE), and the divergence of the beams through the different media. We demonstrate that, by properly acting on the light beams, we can still observe nonclassical correlations at moderate distances by using the noise reduction factor,R, as a criterion for nonclassicality. The experimental implementations involve commercial photon-number-resolving (PNR) detectors. In particular, hybrid photodetectors and Silicon Photomultipliers have been used and compared.
Nowadays, optical Quantum Communication has reached a mature level, especially in free space and through optical fibers. Experimental implementations usually involve single-photon states or weak coherent states detected by single-photon detectors. In contrast to these standard configurations, in our work we consider mesoscopic twin-beam (TWB) states revealed by photon-number-resolving detectors. By properly acting on the natural divergence of the generated beams, we show that they remain nonclassical even at a moderate distance from the nonlinear crystal in which they are produced. We also consider the case where one of the two parties of TWB is partially transmitted through water, and show that the nonclassicality of the states is preserved. This result suggests that mesoscopic TWB states can be considered for the new and growing scenario of underwater Quantum Communication.
Mesoscopic optical states are a promising resource for quantum communication, combining robustness against losses with the preservation of genuine quantum features. Here, we propose a quantum communication protocol in which information is encoded in the first and second moments of the photon-number distributions of classical optical states, and then decoded by photon-number-resolving detectors. Security relies on the nonclassical photon-number correlations of a twin-beam state transmitted alongside the signal in the quantum channel, providing an experimentally accessible security witness against both intercept-resend and beam-splitter attacks investigated in this work. Numerical simulations performed in experimentally accessible parameter regimes support the feasibility and security of the proposed communication protocol, yielding nonzero key generation rates under the considered eavesdropping attacks, and motivating its future experimental implementation.
Abstract State discrimination is a key challenge in the implementation of quantum communication protocols. Most optical communication protocols rely on either coherent states of light or fragile single-photon states, making it often difficult to achieve robustness and security simultaneously. In this work, we propose a hybrid strategy that operates in the mesoscopic intensity regime, leveraging robust quantum states of light. Our approach combines classical and quantum features: reliable state discrimination based on a classical property of light, and security stemming from nonclassical correlations. Specifically, the receiver uses photon-number-resolving detectors to access the mean photon number of the binary thermal signals encoding the information. The communication channel exploits twin-beam states, inherently sensitive to eavesdropping attacks, to provide a layer of security. This strategy is scalable, allowing for straightforward extension to more complex signal alphabets, and offers a promising route for robust and secure quantum communication in the mesoscopic intensity domain.
Twin-beam (TWB) states generated by parametric down-conversion exhibit strong photon-number correlations that can be exploited for quantum communication. In the mesoscopic regime, these correlations can be directly investigated using photon-number-resolving detectors, such as silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Their nonclassical nature is quantified by the noise reduction factor (NRF), which provides a witness of quantum correlations and a means of monitoring channel security. In this work, a quantum communication protocol based on TWB states, originally proposed for binary encoding, is extended to a four-state scheme capable of transmitting two bits per use. Information is encoded by combining two mean photon-number values and two mode numbers of thermal noise superimposed on one arm of the twin beam, defining four distinguishable states in the (m,R) plane. While the mean detected photon number enables the retrieval of one bit, the NRF provides discrimination of the second bit and a security check against intercept-and-resend attacks, which introduce additional noise and degrade the quantum correlations. The protocol is investigated through two experimental measurement campaigns. First, the twin-beam source is characterized in terms of photon-number statistics, NRF, and detection efficiency to establish the operating conditions of the communication channel. Subsequently, the four-state protocol is implemented and evaluated through the analysis of state distributions and their 95% confidence regions, error probability as a function of sample size, and a comparative assessment of machine learning classifiers for state discrimination. Finally, the response of the NRF to an intercept-and-resend attack is investigated to assess the protocol's ability to detect eavesdropping.