The authenticated key agreement is one of the major security services that can be used to secure an Internet of Things (IoT) environment, where the devices collect the data and the data is then aggregated at the cloud server, and then a user needs to access the data stored at the server(s) securely. For this purpose, after a mutual authentication performed between a user and the accessed server, a session key needs to be established among them for secure communication. In this article, we design an efficient lattice-based authenticated key exchange protocol using ring-based version of learning with errors assumption for the IoT-enabled smart devices. The proposed protocol is basically a key exchange that uses the reconciliation mechanism. The detailed security analysis under the standard model has been performed along with the informal security analysis to show that the proposed protocol is robust against different attacks. We then simulate the proposed protocol under the NS-3 simulator to measure the network performance parameters like network throughput and latency. A comparative analysis shows that the proposed protocol has superior security, less computational cost, and comparable communication cost when compered these parameters with the other competing schemes.
The authenticated key agreement is one of the major security services that can be used to secure an Internet of Things (IoT) environment, where the devices collect the data and the data is then aggregated at the cloud server, and then a user needs to access the data stored at the server(s) securely. For this purpose, after a mutual authentication performed between a user and the accessed server, a session key needs to be established among them for secure communication. In this article, we design an efficient lattice-based authenticated key exchange protocol using ring-based version of learning with errors assumption for the IoT-enabled smart devices. The proposed protocol is basically a key exchange that uses the reconciliation mechanism. The detailed security analysis under the standard model has been performed along with the informal security analysis to show that the proposed protocol is robust against different attacks. We then simulate the proposed protocol under the NS-3 simulator to measure the network performance parameters like network throughput and latency. A comparative analysis shows that the proposed protocol has superior security, less computational cost, and comparable communication cost when compered these parameters with the other competing schemes.
In emerging environments such as cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), secure authentication and key negotiation play a crucial role in protecting data transmitted over public networks. However, many existing authentication protocols are still designed based on classical public-key cryptography primitives, and quantum computing may threaten their security. To address this challenge, we propose a post-quantum authentication and key agreement protocol that uses the lattice-based Kyber key encapsulation mechanism (KEM). Our proposed protocol integrates cryptographic authentication, smart card protection, and post-quantum key encapsulation mechanisms, enabling mutual authentication between users and servers and securely establishing session keys. The security of the protocol is formally analyzed in the Real-or-Random (ROR) model under the random oracle assumption and the IND-CCA security of the underlying KEM scheme. Furthermore, through informal security analysis, we have further demonstrated that the protocol possesses important security properties, including anonymity, untraceability, perfect forward confidentiality, and resistance to known attacks. In addition, the computational cost and communication overhead of the proposed scheme are evaluated and compared with several representative authentication protocols. The results show that the proposed protocol can provide strong security while maintaining low computational cost and communication overhead.
Cloud-based Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled smart healthcare plays a vital role in modern society, yet security and privacy challenges remain unavoidable. The authenticated key agreement (AKA) process, which serves as the foundation of secure communication, is widely recognized as a key solution to these challenges. However, many existing AKA methods in the literature either involve high communication and computational costs or fail to withstand quantum attacks. Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) introduces a new class of cryptographic algorithms designed to resist future quantum computer threats. In this article, we present a quantum-secure, lattice-based three-party AKA scheme for smart IoT healthcare applications, leveraging the computationally complex Ring-Learning With Errors (Ring-LWE) problem. Our approach integrates secure big-data analytics with blockchain technology by utilizing authentication procedures for secure data aggregation before storing it in the blockchain. A comprehensive security evaluation including formal and informal analysis, demonstrates the scheme's strong resilience against both classical and quantum attacks. Additionally, experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme is well-suited for real-time smart healthcare applications.
A three-party authenticated key exchange protocol enables two entities to agree on a session key with the help of a dedicated server over public channel. Shor’s algorithm is a big threat for existing authenticated key exchange protocols. Lattice based cryptography plays a very important role in designing authentication and key agreement secure against the threat of quantum attacks. However, it is not easy job to design quantum resistant password based three party protocol due to the high demand for security requirements and the limited resources nature of mobile devices. In this article, we have proposed a new post quantum three party key exchange based on ring learning with errors assumption. This protocol is motivated from Islam et al.’s authenticated key exchange protocol. Their protocol is not secure against stolen smartcard attack, password guessing attack, and can’t provide user anonymity. The anonymous communication is a big requirement for practical applications like e-healthcare services/smart vehicular communication. This paper also contains the performance analysis of the proposed protocol along with other relevant protocols.
Abstract The increasing interconnectedness of devices via the Internet of Things (IoT) highlights the growing importance of addressing IoT security issues. Authenticated Key Agreement (AKA) protocols ensure secure communication between IoT devices, users, and central servers. Preserving anonymity in AKA protocols is especially crucial given privacy issues and user preferences. The emergence of Shor's algorithm in 1994 and recent advancements in quantum computing have posed a threat to the security of classical AKA schemes relying on integer factorization, discrete logarithm, and other number theory problems. Consequently, researchers have turned their attention to developing quantum-resistant AKA schemes. In this context, Rana and Mishra introduced a lattice-based key agreement protocol under ring-LWE problem for IoT-enabled smart devices. However, a thorough security assessment uncovered vulnerabilities in their protocol, specifically susceptibility to replay and Key Compromise Impersonation (KCI) attacks. Furthermore, their approach reveals potential weaknesses in user impersonation if the user's identity is compromised.
Rapid advancement in Internet of Things(IoT) changes the way people work and live deliberately. Medical IoT (MIoT) is a highly significant application in the world of IoT, allowing the user to communicate with smart medical devices with the help of a hospital gateway node. To establish a private communication channel, a three-party authenticated key agreement (AKA) technique using public-key cryptography is used. Currently, the AKA algorithms used in MIoT are based on classical cryptography such as ElGamal, RSA, ECC, etc. All of these techniques have become obsolete in the post-quantum environment as the Shor algorithm can solve these techniques on quantum computers. To overcome the problem stated above, a scheme called Lattice based Three party authenticated key agreement scheme in Medical IoT is proposed to accomplish security and efficiency in a post-quantum environment. Formal and informal security analysis is given to authenticate the protocol’s security. Also, the security analysis is conducted formally with the help of the Random Oracle Model (ROM) and ProVerif tool. The suggested scheme is compared to existing schemes in terms of security features, computing costs, and communication costs to evaluate the system’s performance. It validates that the suggested scheme exceeds the existing schemes.
In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has gained immense popularity in various aspects of work, learning, and daily life. Within the IoT realm, there is a growing concern regarding communication security issues between users and servers. However, addressing the communication security between servers is equally imperative, which has not received as much attention. To this end, we propose a certificateless anonymous authenticated key agreement (AKA) algorithm based on learning with errors (LWEs) and inhomogeneous small integer solution (ISIS) security assumptions. Our scheme provides strong resistance to quantum attacks and protects the privacy of communication servers. It also has constant communication costs and lower computational requirements than existing lattice-based anonymous AKA algorithms on the broadcast channel. Additionally, the proposed scheme eliminates the resource consumption of managing complex certificates and addresses the security risks associated with key escrow in the key generation center (KGC). Through security and performance analysis, we demonstrate that our approach can enhance the security of IoT-based healthcare systems while significantly improving communication efficiency. Our proposed scheme provides a promising solution to security issues related to server communication in IoT systems.