Improving Bitcoin’s Post-Quantum Transaction Efficiency With a Novel Lattice-Based Aggregate Signature Scheme Based on CRYSTALS-Dilithium and a STARK Protocol
This paper proposes a novel lattice-based aggregate signature (LAS) scheme that bring post-quantum security to the Bitcoin system without sacrificing its transaction efficiency. Bitcoin currently employs Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA), which is insecure against the emerging quantum technology, so post-quantum signature schemes like the proposed LAS will become necessary in the near future. However, most of the post-quantum signatures schemes have large signature sizes which decrease Bitcoin’s efficiency while our proposed scheme does not have this negative side effect. Our LAS scheme is based on CRYSTALS-Dilithium and a zero-knowledge Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge (STARK) protocol. CRYSTALS-Dilithium is the most prominent algorithm chosen by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), yet it still has an adverse limitation: it would cause Bitcoin’s transaction efficiency to fall by 17 times due to its relatively large signature size. On the other hand, the proposed LAS scheme takes full advantage of signature aggregation using the STARK protocol and Dilithium’s easy and fast implementation, thus generating signatures with post-quantum security and small signature sizes which are critical to transaction efficiency. Our proofs convey the correctness, compactness, and post-quantum security of our construction in the quantum random oracle model, and our implementation conveyed that the proposed scheme would only decrease Bitcoin’s transaction efficiency by 3 times, a significant improvement from using Dilithium and other lattice-based aggregate signature schemes. Our proposed scheme has many advantages over the existing schemes and may become very valuable to Bitcoin.
This paper proposes a novel lattice-based aggregate signature (LAS) scheme that bring post-quantum security to the Bitcoin system without sacrificing its transaction efficiency. Bitcoin currently employs Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA), which is insecure against the emerging quantum technology, so post-quantum signature schemes like the proposed LAS will become necessary in the near future. However, most of the post-quantum signatures schemes have large signature sizes which decrease Bitcoin’s efficiency while our proposed scheme does not have this negative side effect. Our LAS scheme is based on CRYSTALS-Dilithium and a zero-knowledge Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge (STARK) protocol. CRYSTALS-Dilithium is the most prominent algorithm chosen by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), yet it still has an adverse limitation: it would cause Bitcoin’s transaction efficiency to fall by 17 times due to its relatively large signature size. On the other hand, the proposed LAS scheme takes full advantage of signature aggregation using the STARK protocol and Dilithium’s easy and fast implementation, thus generating signatures with post-quantum security and small signature sizes which are critical to transaction efficiency. Our proofs convey the correctness, compactness, and post-quantum security of our construction in the quantum random oracle model, and our implementation conveyed that the proposed scheme would only decrease Bitcoin’s transaction efficiency by 3 times, a significant improvement from using Dilithium and other lattice-based aggregate signature schemes. Our proposed scheme has many advantages over the existing schemes and may become very valuable to Bitcoin.
Distributed systems are widely used in modern environments such as cloud platforms, Internet of Things (IoT) networks, smart grids, and blockchain-based systems. These platforms often require digital signatures to maintain trust between devices or users. When many signatures are shared at once, the size of the communication grows, and processing takes more time. This becomes a problem in applications where quick message verification is important. Classical digital signature schemes, such as Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA), are not safe against quantum attacks. Post-quantum cryptography offers better protection, but it often increases communication size and computation cost. This paper introduces a quantum-resistant model that supports signature aggregation and constant-time verification. The method is based on lattice-based techniques, using structures similar to CRYSTALS-Dilithium. By combining several signatures into a single aggregated form, the model reduces the time needed for verification and the overall communication overhead. The design is suitable for real-time applications, offering strong accuracy and faster message handling. Simulation results show that the proposed method performs better than recent approaches in multiple areas. The model achieves a low authentication time, high verification accuracy, reduced message size, and improved throughput. These benefits help meet the needs of distributed systems where speed, accuracy, and security must work together. The architecture is designed to be flexible for use in real-world deployments. Future directions include support for multi-party signing, adaptive quantum-safe policies, and integration with quantum co-processors. This research supports the development of secure and efficient communication frameworks that remain effective even in the presence of future quantum threats.
This paper presents Dilithium, a lattice-based signature scheme that is part of the CRYSTALS (Cryptographic Suite for Algebraic Lattices) package that will be submitted to the NIST call for postquantum standards.The scheme is designed to be simple to securely implement against side-channel attacks and to have comparable efficiency to the currently best lattice-based signature schemes.Our implementation results show that Dilithium is competitive with lattice schemes of the same security level and outperforms digital signature schemes based on other post-quantum assumptions.
The arrival of quantum computing poses a huge threat to conventional public key cryptography used in blockchain systems such as Bitcoin. To address this challenge, we proposes and evaluates a quantum resistant sidechain framework that integrates post quantum digital signature schemes and quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols with the Bitcoin mainchain. Using a Python simulation environment, the performance of multiple signature algorithms. ECDSA as a baseline measurement, Falcon, CRYSTALS-Dilithium, and SPHINCS+ were analyzed in combination with quantum communication protocols BB84, E91, and SARG04. Experimental results show that ECDSA remains the fastest baseline scheme but lacks quantum resistance, while SPHINCS+ provides the highest security with an expected overhead of 93.5 %. Among quantum protocols, BB84 achieved the best overall efficiency across transaction sizes. The optimal integration pairs were BB84 and CRYSTALS-Dilithium combination for speed, security balance and SPHINCS+ and E91 for maximum quantum resilience. These findings demonstrate the practical feasibility of deploying post quantum cryptographic components in Bitcoin compatible sidechains, paving the way for future blockchain networks that remain secure in the post quantum era.
The advent of quantum computing threatens the cryptographic security of traditional blockchain systems, potentially rendering current encryption techniques obsolete. This paper explores quantum-resistant blockchain protocols that leverage post-quantum cryptographic algorithms to ensure secure transactions. We analyze various quantum-safe cryptographic methods, such as lattice-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial cryptography, evaluating their feasibility for blockchain applications. Through comparative analysis, we discuss their computational efficiency and security guarantees. Our findings suggest that integrating quantum-resistant cryptographic techniques into blockchain frameworks is essential for future-proofing decentralized systems. This paper explores the integration of quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms within blockchain technology. The proposed approach utilizes CRYSTALS-Dilithium for digital signatures, ensuring secure transaction verification in a post-quantum era. While Kyber is a robust key exchange mechanism, it is not suitable for signing transactions. The implementation is tested on standard hardware, demonstrating feasibility without requiring specialized quantum computing infrastructure.
Blockchain technology has gained significant prominence in recent years due to its public, distributed, and decentration characteristics, which was widely applied in all walks of life requiring distributed trustless consensus. However, the most cryptographic protocols used in the current blockchain networks are susceptible to the quantum attack with rapid development of a sufficiently large quantum computer. In this paper, we first give an overview of the vulnerabilities of the modern blockchain networks to a quantum adversary and some potential post-quantum mitigation methods. Then, a new lattice-based signature scheme has been proposed, which can be used to secure the blockchain network over existing classical channels. Meanwhile, the public and private keys are generated by the Bonsai Trees technology withRandBasisalgorithm from the root keys, which not only ensure the randomness, but also construct the lightweight nondeterministic wallets. Then, the proposed scheme can be proved secure in random oracle model, and it is also more efficient than similar literatures. In addition, we also give the detailed description of the post-quantum blockchain transaction. Furthermore, this work can help to enrich the research on the future post-quantum blockchain (PQB).
The long-term security of public blockchains strictly depends on the hardness assumptions of the underlying digital signature schemes. In the current scenario, most deployed cryptocurrencies and blockchain platforms rely on elliptic-curve cryptography, which is vulnerable to quantum attacks due to Shor's algorithm. Therefore, it is important to understand how post-quantum (PQ) digital signatures behave when integrated into real blockchain systems. This report presents a blockchain prototype that supports multiple quantum-secure signature algorithms, focusing on CRYSTALS-Dilithium, Falcon and Hawk as lattice-based schemes. This report also describes the design of the prototype and discusses the performance metrics, which include key generation, signing, verification times, key sizes and signature sizes. This report covers the problem, background, and experimental methodology, also providing a detailed comparison of quantum-secure signatures in a blockchain context and extending the analysis to schemes such as HAETAE.