Particles, Waves, and the Laws that Govern Them

Mark I. Strikman, Kevork Spartalian, Milton W. Cole

Peter S. Buffa, Sally Beaty, Annenberg +1 more

Shinichi INAGE

The Schrodinger equation based on the de Broglie wave is the most fundamental equation of the quantum mechanics. There can be no doubt about it's prediction validity. However, the probabilistic interpretation on the quantum mechanics has insoluble semantic interpretations like reduction of wave packet on observations of physical values. Especially, it is not clear that the wave function which is described by complex function, is whether formality or reality to express the state of particle motion. On this paper, we interpret the wave nature of particle as not the inherency of particle itself, but the motional property of particle in fluctuated space-time due to the kinetic energy and momentum the belief that the kinetic energy and momentum fluctuates the microscopic space-time, and the particle move through the fluctuated space-time adversely. Then, through the particle motion in the Euclidean space-time, the particle will be recognized as if it has the wave nature. We estimate the governing equation of fluctuations of microscopic space-time based on the macroscopic law of motion. On this paper, the equivalence between the governing equation and the Schrodinger equation is indicated.

Antonella Vannini

An essential component of the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics is Schrodinger’s wave equation. According to this interpretation, consciousness, through the exercise of observation, forces the wave function to collapse into a particle. Schrodinger’s wave equation is not relativistically invariant and when the relativistically invariant wave equation (Klein-Gordon’s equation) is taken into account, there is no collapse of the wave function and no justification for consciousness as a prerequisite to reality. Klein-Gordon’s wave equation depends on a square root and yields two solutions: retarded waves which move forwards in time and advanced waves which move backwards in time. Advanced waves were considered to be unacceptable since they contradict the law of causality, according to which causes always precede effects. However, while studying the mathematical properties of KleinGordon’s equation, the mathematician Luigi Fantappie noted that retarded waves are governed by the law of entropy (from Greek en=diverge, tropos=tendency), whereas advanced waves are governed by a law opposite to entropy which leads to concentration of energy, differentiation, complexity, order and growth of structures. Fantappie named this law syntropy (syn=converge, tropos=tendency) and noted that its properties coincide with the qualities of living systems, arriving in this way at the conclusion that life and consciousness are a consequence of advanced waves (Fantappie, 1942).

Richard H. Bube

Chanda Prosper

One of the most persistent and profound goals in physics is the unification of its fundamental theories. For centuries, our understanding of the universe has advanced by developing distinct mathematical descriptions for different physical regimes. This specialization, while incredibly powerful, has bequeathed us a fractured portrait of reality, with different laws governing motion in different realms. A unified theory that can seamlessly describe phenomena across all scales—from the subatomic to the cosmological—remains a central objective of modern science.The current landscape of physics separates motion into several distinct domains, each governed by its own set of laws:Classical motion is described by Newton's second law, F = ma.Relativity governs high-velocity motion through the energy-momentum relation.Quantum mechanics describes the subatomic world using the Schrödinger equation and the concept of probability waves.Electromagnetic motion for charged particles is dictated by the Lorentz force laws.While these descriptions work exceptionally well within their intended domains, they are not unified. The PUPE framework proposes a direct solution to this fragmentation. It aims to reconcile these disparate views by defining all motion through a single position equation and a single momentum equation. This is achieved by incorporating relativistic and electromagnetic terms directly alongside a quantum component derived from the wave amplitude R and its gradient, which generates quantum behavior without disrupting the classical and relativistic foundations. This paper will now detail the core mathematical structure of this innovative framework.