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Physical Review Applied

Stochastic Model of Sub-Poissonian Quantum Light in an Interband Cascade Laser

Shiyuan Zhao, Frédéric Grillot

Published Dec 9, 2022• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This work theoretically investigates the possibility of generating amplitude-squeezed light with high-quantum-efficiency interband cascade lasers. Based on a stochastic approach, we show that, by employing the suppressed-pump-noise configuration, this kind of midinfrared source enables operation with considerable amplitude squeezing over a large bandwidth of several GHz. Our results facilitate future midinfrared quantum photonic applications such as free-space secure communications.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.18.064027

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This work theoretically investigates the possibility of generating amplitude-squeezed light with high-quantum-efficiency interband cascade lasers. Based on a stochastic approach, we show that, by employing the suppressed-pump-noise configuration, this kind of midinfrared source enables operation with considerable amplitude squeezing over a large bandwidth of several GHz. Our results facilitate future midinfrared quantum photonic applications such as free-space secure communications.
A semi-classical rate equation model for the amplitude squeezing of mid-infrared interband cascade lasers is presented based on Green's function method. We analytically investigate the squeezing performance through a small signal analysis, where an additional partition noise in the output power is considered because of the anti-correlation between photons reflected and transmitted at the output laser facet. Thus, the squeezing effect can be achieved in the low frequency region with noise-suppressed pump. Amplitude squeezed states in interband cascade lasers can qualitatively be evaluated depending on the pump noise conditions. Such ultra-low amplitude noise laser sources enable various applications such as high precision measurements, metrology, and spectroscopy range where squeezed states can be used to replace current shot-noise limited laser mid-infrared sources.
Intensity squeezed light was successfully generated using semiconductor lasers with sub-Poissonian pumping. Control of the pumping statistics is crucial and is achieved by a large series resistor which regulates the pump current; its sub-Poissonian statistics are then transferred to the laser output. The sub-Poissonian pumping of other laser systems is not so simple, however, and their potential as squeezed states sources is apparently diminished. We consider a conventional laser incoherently pumped well above threshold, and allow for pump depletion of the ground state. In this regime, sub-Poissonian photon statistics and squeezed amplitude fluctuations are produced.
We show that the injection of an external field in a laser helps to improve amplitude squeezing and sub-Poissonian light generation close to threshold, but spoils quantum noise reduction for very high pumping rates. A general nonlinear theory is developed for the resonant case (no detunings), without any assumption on the relative magnitudes of field and atomic decay constants, thus encompassing a large class of lasers. Several possible pumping schemes are accommodated, ranging from regular to Poissonian. We carry out a detailed stability analysis of the general equations of motion, relating it to the noise-reduction problem. Both the photon-number variance inside the cavity and the homodyne spectra of the output are discussed.
We investigate the influence of pump bandwidth and pump intensity noise on the quantum-noise properties of lasers based on a Raman atomic-gain medium, which recently have been predicted to emit narrow-bandwidth, sub-shot-noise light. We show that, using finite-bandwidth pump light, the predicted limit to the laser bandwidth can still be well below the value given by the Shawlow-Townes formula and much smaller than the input bandwidth. The laser intensity noise is shown to be relatively insensitive to input phase noise as long as the Rabi frequency on the lasing transition is large compared to the bandwidth. On the other hand, even small amounts of pump amplitude noise tend to increase strongly the laser spectral bandwidth, especially in the high-intensity limit. Including dynamic pump-noise reduction through multilevel atomic cycling in our model leads to a Mandel Q parameter value even below Q=-1/2, together with a significant enhancement of the output intensity-noise squeezing.
The problem of the creation of a sub-Poissonian radiation source on the basis of a semiconductor laser with an external cavity is considered, which operates, from the viewpoint of quantum optics, in the single-mode regime. The conditions of the generation of sub-Poissonian radiation, under which the whole set of sub-threshold modes, including the nearest modes of the external (long) cavity, is completely suppressed at room temperature, were experimentally revealed and theoretically studied. Single-frequency low-noise lasing is of interest not only for the creation of nonclassical light sources, but also for sensitive spectroscopic applications in the classical domain.
Theoretical and experimental results of investigations into the quantum noise of multimode laser radiation are considered. The feasibility of generating light with a photon-number-squeezed (sub-Poissonian) photon distribution by a multimode laser with a homogeneously broadened line is analyzed. The conditions of noisy and noiseless (regular) pumping are considered. Photon-number fluctuations of the net laser radiation summed over all generated modes are calculated in the approximation of equidistant equal modes, as are photon-number fluctuations in an individual mode inside and outside the resonator. Output-radiation noise spectra and photon-number fluctuations are calculated for solid-state (neodymium glass, Nd:YAG) and semiconductor lasers. Theoretical results are compared with a number of experimental data obtained for semiconductor lasers in recent years.