Genuine multipartite entanglement underlies correlation experiments corroborating quantum mechanics and it is an expedient empowering many quantum technologies. One of many counterintuitive facets of genuine multipartite entanglement is its ability to exhibit an emergent character. That is, one can infer its presence in some multipartite states merely from a set of its separable marginals. Here we show that the effect can also be found in the context of Gaussian states of bosonic systems. Specifically, we construct examples of multimode Gaussian states carrying genuine multipartite entanglement which can be verified solely from separable nearest-neighbor two-mode marginals. The key tool of our construction is an entanglement witness acting only on some two-mode reductions of the global covariance matrix, which we find by a numerical solution of a semidefinite program. We also propose an experimental scheme for preparation of the simplest three-mode state, which requires interference of three correlatively displaced squeezed beams on two beam splitters. Besides revealing the concept of emergent genuine multipartite entanglement in the Gaussian scenario and bringing it closer to experimentally testable form, our results pave the way to effective diagnostics methods of global properties of multipartite states without complete tomography.
Genuine multipartite entanglement underlies correlation experiments corroborating quantum mechanics and it is an expedient empowering many quantum technologies. One of many counterintuitive facets of genuine multipartite entanglement is its ability to exhibit an emergent character. That is, one can infer its presence in some multipartite states merely from a set of its separable marginals. Here we show that the effect can also be found in the context of Gaussian states of bosonic systems. Specifically, we construct examples of multimode Gaussian states carrying genuine multipartite entanglement which can be verified solely from separable nearest-neighbor two-mode marginals. The key tool of our construction is an entanglement witness acting only on some two-mode reductions of the global covariance matrix, which we find by a numerical solution of a semidefinite program. We also propose an experimental scheme for preparation of the simplest three-mode state, which requires interference of three correlatively displaced squeezed beams on two beam splitters. Besides revealing the concept of emergent genuine multipartite entanglement in the Gaussian scenario and bringing it closer to experimentally testable form, our results pave the way to effective diagnostics methods of global properties of multipartite states without complete tomography.
Genuine multipartite entanglement underlies correlation experiments corroborating quantum mechanics and it is an expedient empowering many quantum technologies. One of many counterintuitive facets of genuine multipartite entanglement is its ability to exhibit an emergent character, that is, one can infer its presence in some multipartite states merely from a set of its separable marginals. Here, we show that the effect can be found also in the context of Gaussian states of bosonic systems. Specifically, we construct examples of multimode Gaussian states carrying genuine multipartite entanglement which can be verified solely from separable nearest-neighbour two-mode marginals. The key tool of our construction is a genuine multipartite entanglement witness acting only on some two-mode reductions of the global covariance matrix, which we find by a numerical solution of a semi-definite programme. We also propose an experimental scheme for preparation of the simplest three-mode state, which requires interference of three correlatively displaced squeezed beams on two beam splitters. Besides revealing the concept of emergent genuine multipartite entanglement in the Gaussian scenario and bringing it closer to experimentally testable form, our results pave the way to effective diagnostics methods of global properties of multipartite states without complete tomography.
Continuous-variable Gaussian entanglement is an attractive notion, both as a fundamental concept in quantum information theory, based on the well-established Gaussian formalism for phase-space variables, and as a practical resource in quantum technology, exploiting in particular, unconditional room-temperature squeezed-light quantum optics. The readily available high level of scalability, however, is accompanied by an increased theoretical complexity when the multipartite entanglement of a growing number of optical modes is considered. For such systems, we present several approaches to reconstruct the most probable physical covariance matrix from a measured nonphysical one and then test the reconstructed matrix for different kinds of separability (factorizability, concrete partite separability, or biseparability) even in the presence of measurement errors. All these approaches are based on formulating the desired properties (physicality or separability) as convex optimization problems, which can be efficiently solved with modern optimization solvers, even when the system grows. To every optimization problem, we construct the corresponding dual problem used to verify the optimality of the solution. Besides this numerical part of work, we derive an explicit analytical expression for the symplectic trace of a positive definite matrix, which can serve as a simple witness of an entanglement witness, and extend it for positive semidefinite matrices. In addition, we show that in some cases our optimization problems can be solved analytically. As an application of our analytical approach, we consider small instances of bound entangled or genuine multipartite entangled Gaussian states, including some examples from the literature that were treated only numerically, and a family of non-Gaussian states.
Genuine multipartite entanglement represents the strongest type of entanglement, which is an essential resource for quantum information processing. Standard methods to detect genuine multipartite entanglement, e.g., entanglement witnesses, state tomography, or quantum state verification, require full knowledge of the Hilbert space dimension and precise calibration of measurement devices, which are usually difficult to acquire in an experiment. The most radical way to overcome these problems is to detect entanglement solely based on the Bell-like correlations of measurement outcomes collected in the experiment, namely, device independently. However, it is difficult to certify genuine entanglement of practical multipartite states in this way, and even more difficult to quantify it, due to the difficulty in identifying optimal multipartite Bell inequalities and protocols tolerant to state impurity. In this Letter, we explore a general and robust device-independent method that can be applied to various realistic multipartite quantum states in arbitrary finite dimension, while merely relying on bipartite Bell inequalities. Our method allows us both to certify the presence of genuine multipartite entanglement and to quantify it. Several important classes of entangled states are tested with this method, leading to the detection of genuinely entangled states. We also certify genuine multipartite entanglement in weakly entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, showing that the method applies equally well to less standard states.
Genuine multipartite entanglement and full inseparability are two inequivalent quantum resources. Even though all genuinely multipartite entangled states are also fully inseparable, not all fully inseparable states are genuinely multipartite entangled. There exist fully inseparable states that can be prepared as convex mixtures of states separable with respect to different bipartite splits. Here, we are interested in examples of Gaussian states that possess this type of entanglement, so-called fully inseparable biseparable states. We show for several archetypical families of multimode Gaussian states that fully inseparable biseparable candidate states are actually genuinely multipartite entangled. Using projections to finite-dimensional subspaces and fully decomposable witnesses, we observe a shrinking of the regions of potentially fully inseparable biseparable Gaussian states with growing dimension of the projection subspaces. We therefore conjecture that all fully inseparable Gaussian states are genuinely multipartite entangled.
Measurement-based quantum correlation mimics several characteristics of multipartite quantum correlations and at the same time, it reduces the parent system to a smaller subsystem. On the other hand, genuine multipartite entanglement measures can capture certain features of a multisite composite system that are inaccessible via bipartite quantum correlation quantifiers. We merge these two concepts by introducing localizable genuine multimode entanglement for continuous variable systems, both for Gaussian and non-Gaussian multimode parent states. We report a compact form of localizable generalized geometric measure for multimode Gaussian states when Gaussian measurements are performed in some of the modes. We show that non-Gaussian measurements can concentrate more genuine multimode entanglement compared to the Gaussian ones. For non-Gaussian states with non-Gaussian measurements, we find that although four-mode squeezed vacuum state has permutation symmetry with respect to the exchange of first and third modes as well as the second and the fourth modes, the symmetry can be broken by performing measurements in one of the modes in case of addition while for subtraction, such symmetry is preserved, thereby providing a method for distinguishing multimode photon-added and -subtracted states via localizations.
Multipartite entanglement is a key resource for quantum technologies, yet its certification typically relies on correlations from measurements involving all particles, making it increasingly vulnerable to imperfections as the system size grows. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of genuine multipartite entanglement detection from correlations with the minimum possible nontrivial support, known as the entanglement detection length (EDL). Using a photonic platform, we certify W, Dicke, and cluster states with entanglement witnesses constructed from correlations at the EDL. In particular, we verify genuine multipartite entanglement of three- and four-qubit W states and a four-qubit Dicke state using two-body correlations, and of a four-qubit cluster state using three-body correlations. For the four-photon Dicke state, we further show that this minimal-correlation strategy is more robust than the compared global witness under the analyzed local-basis-misalignment model. We also find that, within the witness families considered here, increasing the number of measured subsets enhances the tolerance to noise. These results establish entanglement detection at the EDL limit as a measurement-efficient route to multipartite entanglement certification.