This engaging book presents the fundamentals of ion traps and their use in physics, chemistry and their technological applications. Following an overview of the types of traps and their operation, the book explores their key areas of application for the development of new physics, chemistry, or engineering at a level accessible by students. The introductory nature and broad coverage will also make the book essential reading for scientists who wish to understand and explore the use of ion traps in their research. Embracing optical manipulation, entanglement and exploitation in quantum computing, chemical reactivity, atomic clocks and testing fundamental physics this book provides a broad and accessible introduction to the world of ion traps and how our understanding and exploitation of trapped ions is furthering modern science and technology. Key features • An accessible overview of ion traps and their applications. • Extensive coverage includes relevant physics and applications in physics and chemistry. • Introduces the main areas of application in modern scientific research. • Appendices feature mathematical topics and descriptions for advanced readers.
This engaging book presents the fundamentals of ion traps and their use in physics, chemistry and their technological applications. Following an overview of the types of traps and their operation, the book explores their key areas of application for the development of new physics, chemistry, or engineering at a level accessible by students. The introductory nature and broad coverage will also make the book essential reading for scientists who wish to understand and explore the use of ion traps in their research. Embracing optical manipulation, entanglement and exploitation in quantum computing, chemical reactivity, atomic clocks and testing fundamental physics this book provides a broad and accessible introduction to the world of ion traps and how our understanding and exploitation of trapped ions is furthering modern science and technology. Key features • An accessible overview of ion traps and their applications. • Extensive coverage includes relevant physics and applications in physics and chemistry. • Introduces the main areas of application in modern scientific research. • Appendices feature mathematical topics and descriptions for advanced readers.
Abstract The author provides, in nine chapters, a compact and up-to-date coverage of the entire range of applications of the two most important ion traps: the Paul('radiofrequency') trap and the Penning('dc) trap. The book begins with full details of the ion confinement principles of both these traps; this is followed by a presentation of the basic experimental techniques, including details of a few actual traps. There is then a chapter on the methods of ion cooling, now an essential integral part of all trap-based experiments. The next four chapters provide a comprehensive coverage of applications in four major areas, broadly classified as: atomic physics, frequency standards, collision studies, and analytical mass spectrometry. The text is appended by a set of more than 600 fully titled chronologically arranged references which mirror the growth of the field as well as providing a comprehensive guide to original research papers. The text should be useful to students both at the senior undergraduate and beginning graduate level as a general reader for professionals in atomic physics, chemical physics, mass spectometry and related fields.
This book is an up-to-date introduction to the quantum theory of measurement, a fast developing field of intense current interest to scientists and engineers for its potential high technology applications. It is also a subject of importance to students for its central role in the foundations of quantum mechanics. Although the main principles of the field were elaborated in the 1930s by Bohr, Schrödinger, Heisenberg, von Neumann and Mandelstam, it was not until the 1980s that technology became sufficiently advanced to allow its application in real experiments. Quantum measurement is now central to many ultra-high technology developments, such as squeezed light, single atom traps, and searches for gravitational radiation. It is also considered to have great promise for computer science and engineering, particularly for its applications in information processing and transfer. The book contains a pedagogical introduction to the relevant theory written at a level accessible to those with only a modest background in quantum mechanics. It then goes on to discuss aspects of the design of practical quantum measurement systems. This book is essential reading for all scientists and engineers interested in the potential applications of technology near the quantum limit. It will also serve as an ideal supplement to standard quantum mechanics textbooks at the advanced undergraduate or graduate level.
Ion traps are fantastic tools to explore the world of electrons, atomic and molecular ions, or charged clusters, in the classical as well as in the quantum regime. Extremely long storage times allow probing even of single particles with very high precision. The mass selectivity of the trapping devices is exploited in many experiments, in particular for mass metrology. An overwhelming part of the experiments and ideas rely on the very high level of parameter control which is offered by the ion trap. Manipulation of individual ions and engineering of well defined quantum states are the fundamental techniques to take the experiments beyond existing frontiers and to unprecedented precision. This special issue presents state-of-the-art theory and experiments in a variety of tutorials, reviews and research papers. More than half of these contributions form a follow-up to the first workshop on Modern Applications of Trapped Ions held in Les Houches, France, in May 2008. A great number of topics is covered in atomic and molecular physics, with ion traps as a common tool. The variety of approaches is meant to make this digest a helpful resource to the whole ion trapping community. Among the contributions, four major – while still overlapping – domains can be identified. Novel ion trap design is the motor of future developments and applications. Spectacular progress has been made in the domain of quantum information processing, such as the realization of planar traps, which opens the way to large-scale quantum computation. In this issue, this enthralling subject is introduced by a tutorial and two review articles, completed by contributions on different experimental realizations. Precision measurements belong to a more traditional domain which nevertheless evolves at the forefront of research: metrology of frequencies and fundamental constants, measurements of g-factors or high-precision mass measurements are the foundations of atomic and molecular physics. The creation and investigation of cold molecular ions and clusters are among the fastest growing topics, leading to ultracold chemistry at the single-particle scale. The next edition of this meeting series will take the name of European Conference on Trapped Ions (ECTI) and will be held in the UK in 2010. We are looking forward to this event, which will offer the possibility to continue the fruitful interaction between research groups that employ ion traps in widely different contexts, and to take the next snapshot of this dynamic research area.
Ion traps are fantastic tools to explore the world of electrons, atomic and molecular ions, or charged clusters, in the classical as well as in the quantum regime. Extremely long storage times allow probing even of single particles with very high precision. The mass selectivity of the trapping devices is exploited in many experiments, in particular for mass metrology. An overwhelming part of the experiments and ideas rely on the very high level of parameter control which is offered by the ion trap. Manipulation of individual ions and engineering of well defined quantum states are the fundamental techniques to take the experiments beyond existing frontiers and to unprecedented precision. This special issue presents state-of-the-art theory and experiments in a variety of tutorials, reviews and research papers. More than half of these contributions form a follow-up to the first workshop on Modern Applications of Trapped Ions held in Les Houches, France, in May 2008. A great number of topics is covered in atomic and molecular physics, with ion traps as a common tool. The variety of approaches is meant to make this digest a helpful resource to the whole ion trapping community. Among the contributions, four major – while still overlapping – domains can be identified. Novel ion trap design is the motor of future developments and applications. Spectacular progress has been made in the domain of quantum information processing, such as the realization of planar traps, which opens the way to large-scale quantum computation. In this issue, this enthralling subject is introduced by a tutorial and two review articles, completed by contributions on different experimental realizations. Precision measurements belong to a more traditional domain which nevertheless evolves at the forefront of research: metrology of frequencies and fundamental constants, measurements of g-factors or high-precision mass measurements are the foundations of atomic and molecular physics. The creation and investigation of cold molecular ions and clusters are among the fastest growing topics, leading to ultracold chemistry at the single-particle scale. The next edition of this meeting series will take the name of European Conference on Trapped Ions (ECTI) and will be held in the UK in 2010. We are looking forward to this event, which will offer the possibility to continue the fruitful interaction between research groups that employ ion traps in widely different contexts, and to take the next snapshot of this dynamic research area.
One of the current themes in quantum physics is the creation of cold ( 1 K) molecules to study molecule-molecule, molecule-atom, and molecule-radiation interactions under these novel low-temperature conditions. This book highlights the field of cold trapped molecular ions. In particular, the development of a novel, universal cooling method for charged particles, sympathetic cooling using laser-cooled atoms, together with the experimental and computational techniques required are extensively reviewed. The book also reviews first spectacular applications of the cold ion ensembles produced: the study of the properties of cold non-neutral plasmas, the study of ion-neutral chemical reactions and of photodissociation processes, and high-resolution rotational overtone spectroscopy of cold hydrogen molecular ions with unprecedented spectral resolution. The large potential of this field of research and its possible impact to other fields of physics, chemistry, and biology are highlighted. The book summarizes the main lines of research in cold trapped molecular ion physics, thus, making it useful as an introduction for advanced students and experienced researchers.
This book attempts to bridge the enormous gap between introductory quantum mechanics and the research front of modern optics and scientific fields that make use of light in one step. Hence, while it is suitable as a reference for the specialist in quantum optics, it also targets the nonspecialists from other disciplines who need to understand light and its uses in research. With a unique approach it introduces a single analytic tool, namely the density matrix, to analyze complex optical phenomena encountered in traditional as well as cross‐disciplinary research. It moves swiftly in a tight sequence from elementary to sophisticated topics in quantum optics, including laser tweezers, laser cooling, coherent population transfer, optical magnetism, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), squeezed light, and cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). A systematic approach is used that starts with the simplest systems – stationary two‐level atoms – then introduces atomic motion, adds more energy levels, and moves on to discuss first‐, second‐, and third‐order coherence effects that are the basis for analyzing new optical phenomena in incompletely characterized systems. Unconventional examples and original problems are used to engage even seasoned researchers in exploring a mathematical methodology with which they can tackle virtually any new problem involving light. An extensive bibliography makes connections with mathematical techniques and subject areas which can extend the benefit of each section to guide readers further. The steady progression from “simple” to “elaborate” makes the book accessible not only to students from traditional subject areas that make use of light (physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, and materials science), but also to researchers from the “hyphenated” subjects of modern science and engineering: the biophysicists using mechanical effects of light, photochemists developing coherent control for rare species detection, biomedical engineers imaging through scattering media, electromechanical engineers working on molecular design of materials for electronics and space, electrical and computer engineers developing schemes for quantum computation, cryptography, frequency references, and so on. To try to identify techniques and ideas that are universal enough to be applied across the bewildering landscape of research on intersecting boundaries of emerging modern disciplines is a great challenge of out time. “Lectures on Light” offers selected insights on quantum dynamics and quantum theory of light for exactly this purpose.