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Optics Express

Single-pixel optical modulation analyzer based on phase retrieval for dual-polarization IQ modulators

Yuki Yoshida, Setsuo Yoshida, Shoichiro Oda, Takeshi Hoshida, Naokatsu Yamamoto, Atsushi Kanno

Published Dec 2, 2022• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In-service monitoring and adaptive digital compensation of analog imperfections in optical transponders are vital in the next-generation optical coherent transmission systems employing extremely high-order, high-speed modulation formats. A notable example of such analog impairments is the imbalance of amplitude, phase, and/or timing between the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) tributaries in an optical IQ modulator, namely the IQ imbalance. Recently, an IQ-imbalance estimation technique based on phase retrieval without using a coherent receiver, the so-called single-pixel optical modulation analyzer (SP-OMA), has been proposed as an affordable in-service monitoring solution for the frequency-dependent IQ imbalance in a (single-polarization) IQ modulator. In this work, we extend the concept of the SP-OMA to dual-polarization IQ modulators. A novel phase retrieval algorithm with an alternating minimization procedure is proposed for identifying the frequency-dependent IQ imbalances on both polarization channels simultaneously from a single photodetector output. The validity and feasibility of the proposed SP-OMA for a dual-polarization IQ modulator are demonstrated numerically and experimentally with a 63.25-Gbaud DP-16QAM signal.

DOI
10.1364/oe.475841

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In-service monitoring and adaptive digital compensation of analog imperfections in optical transponders are vital in the next-generation optical coherent transmission systems employing extremely high-order, high-speed modulation formats. A notable example of such analog impairments is the imbalance of amplitude, phase, and/or timing between the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) tributaries in an optical IQ modulator, namely the IQ imbalance. Recently, an IQ-imbalance estimation technique based on phase retrieval without using a coherent receiver, the so-called single-pixel optical modulation analyzer (SP-OMA), has been proposed as an affordable in-service monitoring solution for the frequency-dependent IQ imbalance in a (single-polarization) IQ modulator. In this work, we extend the concept of the SP-OMA to dual-polarization IQ modulators. A novel phase retrieval algorithm with an alternating minimization procedure is proposed for identifying the frequency-dependent IQ imbalances on both polarization channels simultaneously from a single photodetector output. The validity and feasibility of the proposed SP-OMA for a dual-polarization IQ modulator are demonstrated numerically and experimentally with a 63.25-Gbaud DP-16QAM signal.
We thoroughly analyze the requirements on the signal and idler state of polarizations (SOPs) for achieving maximum amplification in phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs). These requirements are described using a Jones-space description as well as a Stokes-space description. Our analysis includes the cases of polarization-diverse and vector PSAs, and in each type of PSA, we also consider the signal-degenerate and the non-degenerate schemes. We observe that the relation between the signal and idler SOPs to achieve maximum phase-sensitive (PS) amplification can be described similarly in polarization-diverse and in vector PSAs. Moreover, both types of PSAs are polarization-dependent, which means that PSAs do require polarization-tracking schemes when being implemented in a realistic optical-transmission scenario. We therefore evaluate how polarization tracking of the signal and the idler SOPs can overcome the theoretical polarization dependence of both polarization-diverse and vector PSAs. We find that only one polarization tracker for either the signal or idler SOP is necessary for achieving polarization-independent PS amplification when considering the general case of dual-polarization (DP) modulated signals. This polarization tracker requires the control of three degrees of freedom which describe a general polarization rotation. For single-polarization (SP) modulated signals, the polarization tracker can rotate both the signal and the idler SOPs simultaneously which eliminates the need for splitting the signal and the idler before the PSA. Moreover, only two degrees of freedom for the polarization tracker are necessary in this case. When considering degenerate schemes, a polarization tracker with two degrees of freedom is sufficient to achieve maximum PS amplification of DP binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signals in both vector and polarization diverse PSAs. For the case of SP-BPSK signals, a polarization-diverse PSA can perform polarization-independent amplification by controlling the relative phase between the pumps, whereas a polarization tracker with only one degree of freedom is necessary in the case of vector PSAs.
Abstract A phase-sensitive detection scheme for optical fields is described, which allows for the simultaneous measurement of orthogonal field quadratures. The recent achievement of -radian cross-phase shifts between a single photon and a second light field has opened the door to quantum computing protocols which utilize photonic quantum bits. Optical phase measurements play an integral role in these schemes. The detection scheme presented here was designed to measure such transient phase shifts of a laser field as it interacts with another light field through a cloud of laser-cooled Rb atoms. In place of conventional spatial interferometry, which is very sensitive to mechanical instabilities, the scheme utilizes beat-note interferometry to improve on the robustness of the measurement. Beat-note interferometry serves to map a signal from a THz-frequency carrier onto a radio-frequency carrier. A variant of 8-port optical homodyne detection, the scheme then uses IQ demodulation, a well-established technique in communications engineering, to extract amplitude information for both the in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) components of the radio-frequency signal. This IQ data can then be used to extract any amplitude variation and/or phase shifts of the original THz-frequency optical field. The technique is illustrated here by simultaneously measuring the absorption and dispersion experienced by an optical beam as it passes through a cloud of laser-cooled atoms, which have been prepared in a state of electromagnetically-induced transparency. A thorough characterization of the measurement is presented, which identifies the dominant noise sources and illustrates the utility of IQ demodulation in eliminating noise. This scheme has been used to measure rad phase shifts on nanosecond time scales.
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a phase-sensitive optical processor, capable of generating two codirectional and π-phase-shifted phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) in a single device. Phase-sensitive operation is obtained by polarization mixing a phase-locked signal/idler pair generated in a degenerate dual-pump vector parametric amplifier based on four-wave mixing in a highly nonlinear fiber. We refer to this configuration as a polarization assisted PSA and demonstrate some of the applications that it may find. First, we experimentally demonstrate the regeneration of a binary phase shift keying signal in a system that requires only a very low nonlinear phase shift of 0.35 rad. Second, we decompose a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signal into its in-phase and quadrature components. While application to a QPSK signal is shown in our demonstration, we demonstrate numerically that any complex modulation format signal can be decomposed using this approach. Finally, we use our processor to regenerate QPSK signals in a single nonlinear device.
We propose and experimentally study a coherent optical secure transmission system based on one dual-polarization in-phase and quadrature modulator (IQM). One beam of the polarized light is used to generate broadband chaos by configuring a nonlinear opto-electronic oscillator while the other beam carries the encrypted signal. The encrypted signal is obtained through sequential encryption of the analog and digital chaos. The mutual mask of the hybrid chaotic signals can effectively enhance the security performance. Moreover, by varying the encryption depth of analog and digital vectors, the transmission performance can be flexibly adjusted. A commercial dual-polarization IQM could simultaneously generate a chaotic signal and a load message, which provides a high-integration solution. A fast independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm is adopted to compensate for the rotation of state of polarization (RSOP). 60 Gb/s encrypted quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signal transmission over 100 km single-mode fiber is realized, and the decrypted bit error rate (BER) performance is below the 7% forward error correction (FEC) threshold (BER = 3.8 × 10 −3 ).
We present a quantum mechanical model of dual parallel Mach Zehnder electro-optic modulators (DPMZMs), derived using the quantum scattering formalism [1,2]. We obtain the complete, unrestricted transformation of single-photon and coherent input states through the DPMZM architecture, including independent radiofrequency drive conditions on each internal modulator, and recover the symmetric push pull operating point as an exact special case. We numerically evaluate the resulting frequency comb structure, quantify the device sensitivity to bias error, modulation-index imbalance, and RF noise, and use the model to design a DP-MZM-based frequency-bin qubit source, reporting its fidelity as a function of these impairments.