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International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE)

Superluminescence of NV centers in diamond pumped by the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser

D. E. Genin, V. P. Mironov, Evgeny N. Telminov, Mikhail A. Shulepov

Published Nov 14, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In the light of the creation of a diamond laser [1], an urgent task is to determine the characteristics of diamonds in order to determine the range in which such lasers can be created not in isolated cases. This work is aimed at studying the mechanisms of creating superluminescence in diamond under the action of optical pumping by the second harmonic of an ND:YAG laser (λ = 532 nm). It was found that, upon pulsed excitation of a diamond by an ND:YAG laser with a pump intensity above ~2.0 MW/cm2 in the spectral range 700–750 nm, a nonlinear increase in intensity appears against the background of the spontaneous photoluminescence spectrum, which, with a further increase in the pump intensity, turns into a pronounced superluminescence peak with a maximum at about 718 nm. An increase in the pump intensity from 2.7 to 46 MW/cm2leads to the broadening of this peak at half maximum from 13 to 19 nm. At high levels of pump intensity, nonlinear absorption of pump radiation and accumulation of NV centers in the excited state were found. The position of the photoluminescence band was calculated as a function of various values of the inversion density of the populations of color centers, taking into account the intrinsic absorption spectrum of diamond. The calculation results are close to the experimental data.

DOI
10.56761/efre2022.n4-o-011202

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In this paper, a brief overview of the main characteristics of lasers at NV centers in diamond is carried out. Currently, lasers at NV centers in a negative charge state generate pulsed laser radiation in the range of 714-720 nanometers with a duration of units of nanoseconds with a pulse energy of tens of microjoules and an efficiency of several percent. A significant increase in the efficiency and energy characteristics of NV lasers can be achieved through the use of multilayer reflective coatings on the faces of crystals as resonator mirrors. Lasers of this class have good prospects in the field of obtaining femtosecond pulses, since NV centers have a wide luminescence contour. Due to the high thermal conductivity of the diamond, they are able to provide generation with a high level of average power. To increase the pulse duration and transition to continuous generation, it is necessary to pump with a high level of average power. A possible solution would be injection pumping. This requires the creation of efficient light-emitting diamond electroconductive structures. In addition, the article presents new data on the study of spectral characteristics of the superluminescence of the NV centers of a diamond laser when the crystal is heated from 100 to 300 K. It is shown that the superluminescence band of such lasers actually consists of two spectral components that are not resolved at room temperature. The temperature behavior of these components is fundamentally different: the short-wave component practically does not change in intensity, while the long-wave component exponentially increases in intensity to 220 K, and then saturates and further decreases according to Mott's law. In addition, it was found that the maxima of these components experience a shift in the long-wavelength direction by about 6 meV when the temperature changes from 100 to 300 K. In the future, it is necessary to find out the exact nature and physical mechanisms of the detected phenomena, as well as to find their possible practical applications. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

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In the light of the creation of a diamond laser [1], an urgent task is to determine the characteristics of diamonds in order to determine the range in which such lasers can be created not in isolated cases. This work is aimed at studying the mechanisms of creating superluminescence in diamond under the action of optical pumping by the second harmonic of an ND:YAG laser (λ = 532 nm). It was found that, upon pulsed excitation of a diamond by an ND:YAG laser with a pump intensity above ~2.0 MW/cm2 in the spectral range 700–750 nm, a nonlinear increase in intensity appears against the background of the spontaneous photoluminescence spectrum, which, with a further increase in the pump intensity, turns into a pronounced superluminescence peak with a maximum at about 718 nm. An increase in the pump intensity from 2.7 to 46 MW/cm2leads to the broadening of this peak at half maximum from 13 to 19 nm. At high levels of pump intensity, nonlinear absorption of pump radiation and accumulation of NV centers in the excited state were found. The position of the photoluminescence band was calculated as a function of various values of the inversion density of the populations of color centers, taking into account the intrinsic absorption spectrum of diamond. The calculation results are close to the experimental data.
Abstract In the context of the NV− diamond laser creation [1], an urgent task is to determine the characteristics of diamonds that can affect the laser generation. This work is aimed at investigating the mechanisms of the creation of superluminescence in diamond under the action of optical pumping by the second harmonic of the Nd:YAG laser (λ = 532nm). It was found that when the HPHT diamond is irradiated by 532 nm radiation with an intensity above ~ 2.0 MW/cm2, a nonlinear intensity increasing in the spectral region 700–750 nm is manifested against the background of the spontaneous photoluminescence spectrum, which, with a further pumping intensity increasing turns into a pronounced peak of superluminescence with a maximum of about 718 nm. An increase in the pumping intensity from 2.7 to 46 MW/cm2 widened this peak at half-maximum from 13 to 19 nm. At high levels of pumping intensity, nonlinear pumping radiation absorption and accumulation of NV centers in the excited state were detected. The position of the photoluminescence band was calculated depending on different values of the population inversion density of the color centers, taking into account the diamond's own absorption spectrum. The calculation results are close to the experimental data.
The photoluminescence spectra of two synthetic diamond samples containing 1-10 ppm NV centers and 100-200 ppm substitutional nitrogen were studied under optical pumping at 532, 560, and 575 nm. At pump intensities less than 0.5-1.0 MW/cm2, a vibronic photoluminescence band of NV- centers in the negative charge state was observed. With an increase in the pump intensity above 0.5-1.0 MW/cm2, a superluminescence band was observed on the long-wavelength shoulder of the phonon wing in the range 700-760 nm. The intensity of superluminescence band increased with increasing pump intensity. It is shown that the position of the superluminescence band with maxima in the range 715-720 nm is unchanged at all of optical pump wavelengths.
Abstract— A comparative analysis has been made of the superluminescence spectra of two HPHT diamond samples with NV¯-centers with the concentration in the growth sectors {111} of NV¯-centers ≈10 ppm and of C-centers ≈ 45 ppm. A broad structureless superluminescence band with a maximum about 706 nm and a narrow band in the region of 705 to 720 nm were identified in the spectral range of 650–750 nm when excited by pulsed laser radiation at λ = 532 nm. It was found that the narrow-band superluminescence was not excited by pumping with continuous radiation at λ = 532 nm and the intensities of both types of superluminescence were summated under simultaneous pumping by continuous and pulsed radiation at λ = 532 nm. These data indicate either the different nature of the two types of superluminescence or that they belonged to NV¯ centers but with different excitation mechanisms. The existence of connection between the shape of the spectra of narrow-band superluminescence and of radiation pulses has been demonstrated. The observed features of narrow-band superluminescence are explained for the first time by the occurrence of mode-locking laser generation. The mode-locking laser generation without the use of reflective coatings on the sample or an external resonator on other laser materials has not been observed before.
Abstract Superluminescence of NV centres with a band peaking at λ = 718 nm in the phonon wing of the photoluminescence spectrum of a high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) diamond sample under pulsed optical excitation at λ = 532 nm with an intensity of 2 – 46 MW cm−2 is demonstrated. Superluminescence is observed in the diamond crystal region containing 6 ppm NV centres and 150 ppm substituent nitrogen; it is absent in the crystal part with a lower nitrogen content. Superluminescence pulses are observed on the leading edge of the optical excitation pulse at λ = 532 nm and have an FWHM value of 4 ns. The enhancement of the photoluminescence of NV centres is suggested to be due to the total internal reflection in the diamond plate (waveguide effect).
Abstract We report a study of narrowband superluminescence of a single-sector {111} high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) diamond plate with NV– and C centers at a total nitrogen and NV– center concentrations of ~60 ppm and 11 ppm, respectively. The sample is optically pumped with pulsed laser radiation (λ = 532 nm) focused by a cylindrical lens (f = 60 mm). It is found that, in the region of the pump beam waist, the superluminescence spectra exhibit a pronounced fine structure, while the radiation pulse has a spike shape with an exponential decrease in pulse intensity over time. With additional pumping with continuous radiation at λ = 403 nm, an increase in the superluminescence intensity is recorded, and the number of intense peaks in the radiation pulse also increases. As the volume of the sample with a population inversion gradually increases by moving it away from the pump beam waist, the superluminescence intensity increases steadily, accompanied by spectrum smoothing, reaching a maximum at approximately a twofold increase in the pump volume. It is found that, with a smooth narrowband superluminescence spectrum, a short single pulse is generated as the narrowband superluminescence intensity approaches saturation.
In this paper, a brief overview of the main characteristics of lasers at NV centers in diamond is carried out. Currently, lasers at NV centers in a negative charge state generate pulsed laser radiation in the range of 714-720 nanometers with a duration of units of nanoseconds with a pulse energy of tens of microjoules and an efficiency of several percent. A significant increase in the efficiency and energy characteristics of NV lasers can be achieved through the use of multilayer reflective coatings on the faces of crystals as resonator mirrors. Lasers of this class have good prospects in the field of obtaining femtosecond pulses, since NV centers have a wide luminescence contour. Due to the high thermal conductivity of the diamond, they are able to provide generation with a high level of average power. To increase the pulse duration and transition to continuous generation, it is necessary to pump with a high level of average power. A possible solution would be injection pumping. This requires the creation of efficient light-emitting diamond electroconductive structures. In addition, the article presents new data on the study of spectral characteristics of the superluminescence of the NV centers of a diamond laser when the crystal is heated from 100 to 300 K. It is shown that the superluminescence band of such lasers actually consists of two spectral components that are not resolved at room temperature. The temperature behavior of these components is fundamentally different: the short-wave component practically does not change in intensity, while the long-wave component exponentially increases in intensity to 220 K, and then saturates and further decreases according to Mott's law. In addition, it was found that the maxima of these components experience a shift in the long-wavelength direction by about 6 meV when the temperature changes from 100 to 300 K. In the future, it is necessary to find out the exact nature and physical mechanisms of the detected phenomena, as well as to find their possible practical applications. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.