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Photonics

Systematic Performance Analysis of Hybrid FSO/RF System over Generalized Fading Channels with Pointing Errors

Yan Wu, Mengwan Jiang, Gang Li, Dejin Kong

Published Nov 18, 2022• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Hybrid free space optical (FSO)/radio frequency (RF) system has attracted extensive attention because of its advantages of both the FSO and RF links. From the viewpoint of overall system performance, this paper presents a systematic analysis method of communication performance and security performance of the hybrid FSO/RF system with the Málaga turbulence channel and the α−μ fading channel. The hybrid FSO/RF system adopts the diversity method of maximum ratio combining (MRC) to receive signals. The new expressions of communication performance parameters (i.e., the bit error rate, the outage probability, the ergodic channel capacity) of the only FSO system and the hybrid system are obtained. Then, the new expressions of the security performance parameters (i.e., the security outage probability and the strictly positive secrecy capacity) of the hybrid system with the FSO or RF links eavesdropping are derived, respectively. Our derived analytical expressions present an efficient tool to investigate the impact of system parameters on the overall performance of the hybrid system, namely modulation scheme, turbulence intensity, pointing errors, target rate, and eavesdropper output signal-to-noise ratio. The simulation results show that compared with the only FSO system, the hybrid system can significantly improve the communication performance of the system; the communication performance of the hybrid system using coherent binary phase shift keying (CBPSK) modulation is obviously better than the other two modulation technologies; with the deterioration of atmospheric environment (increasing turbulence intensity and pointing errors), the communication performance and security performance of the hybrid system will decline; both RF link eavesdropping and FSO link eavesdropping have a greater impact on the security performance of the hybrid systems; whether it is FSO link eavesdropping or RF link eavesdropping, the reduction of target rate and output signal-to-noise ratio of the eavesdropper can improve the security performance of the hybrid system.

DOI
10.3390/photonics9110873

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Hybrid free space optical (FSO)/radio frequency (RF) system has attracted extensive attention because of its advantages of both the FSO and RF links. From the viewpoint of overall system performance, this paper presents a systematic analysis method of communication performance and security performance of the hybrid FSO/RF system with the Málaga turbulence channel and the α−μ fading channel. The hybrid FSO/RF system adopts the diversity method of maximum ratio combining (MRC) to receive signals. The new expressions of communication performance parameters (i.e., the bit error rate, the outage probability, the ergodic channel capacity) of the only FSO system and the hybrid system are obtained. Then, the new expressions of the security performance parameters (i.e., the security outage probability and the strictly positive secrecy capacity) of the hybrid system with the FSO or RF links eavesdropping are derived, respectively. Our derived analytical expressions present an efficient tool to investigate the impact of system parameters on the overall performance of the hybrid system, namely modulation scheme, turbulence intensity, pointing errors, target rate, and eavesdropper output signal-to-noise ratio. The simulation results show that compared with the only FSO system, the hybrid system can significantly improve the communication performance of the system; the communication performance of the hybrid system using coherent binary phase shift keying (CBPSK) modulation is obviously better than the other two modulation technologies; with the deterioration of atmospheric environment (increasing turbulence intensity and pointing errors), the communication performance and security performance of the hybrid system will decline; both RF link eavesdropping and FSO link eavesdropping have a greater impact on the security performance of the hybrid systems; whether it is FSO link eavesdropping or RF link eavesdropping, the reduction of target rate and output signal-to-noise ratio of the eavesdropper can improve the security performance of the hybrid system.
In this paper, the secrecy performance of the physical layer security (PLS) of the hybrid free-space optical/radio frequency (FSO/RF) communication system is analyzed. The transmission protocol of the considered system is performed under the eavesdropper's attempt to overhear the RF link between the transmitter and legitimate receiver of the hybrid system. The FSO link is characterized by Málaga-M distribution while the RF links are modeled by Nakagami-m distribution. The two practical eavesdropping modes considered in this paper include: colluding and non-colluding. Exact closed-form expressions for the system's secrecy outage probability (SOP), the asymptotic of the SOP (SOP∞), the probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), the average secrecy capacity (ASC), and the asymptotic of the ASC (ASC∞), are specifically derived under the influence of both eavesdropper modes. Our derived analytical expressions present an efficient tool to investigate the impact of some channel parameters on the secrecy performance, namely the fading severity of the RF links, atmospheric turbulence severity, pointing error of the FSO link, number of eavesdroppers, and the power of the eavesdropper links. The results show that the increase of the eavesdroppers' number under both modes profoundly degrades the considered system secrecy performance. The accuracy of the numerical results obtained is validated by Monte-Carlo simulations.
With the deployment of hybrid RF-FSO networks, there exists the potential to contribute significantly to the evolving landscape of 6G communication, as it effectively addresses challenges pertaining to connectivity, capacity, and security. In this paper, we study the secrecy performance of hybrid radio frequency (RF) - free space optical (FSO) systems in the presence of an eavesdropper. To improve the reliability of the source-destination transmission process, we consider a source that can transmit data via both RF and FSO links, simultaneously. Specifically, the RF links are exposed to generalized α – μ fading channels, while the FSO link is subject to Málaga distributions. Therefore, we deduce the novel analytical expression of secrecy outage probability and verify the results with the Monte Carlo simulations. The outcomes underscore the pronounced impact of fading parameters, receiver detection techniques, pointing errors, and atmospheric turbulence on security performance.
In this paper, we analyze the confidentiality of a hybrid radio frequency (RF)/free-space optical (FSO) system with regard to physical layer security (PLS). In this system, signals are transmitted between the source and destination using RF and FSO links, with the destination employing the maximal-ratio combining (MRC) scheme. A non-cooperative target (NCT) is assumed to have eavesdropping capabilities for RF and FSO signals in both collusion and non-collusion strategies. The Nakagami-m distribution models fading RF links, while FSO links are characterized by the Málaga (M) distribution. Exact closed-form expressions for the system’s secrecy outage probability (SOP) and effective secrecy throughput (EST) are derived based on the generalized Meijer G-function with two variables. Asymptotic expressions for the SOP are also obtained under high-signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regimes. These conclusions are validated through Monte Carlo simulations. The superiority of the hybrid RF/FSO system in improving the communication security of a single link is confirmed in its comparison with conventional means of RF communication.
On Effective Secrecy Throughput of Underlay Spectrum Sharing ααα-μμμ/ Málaga Hybrid Model under Interference-and-Transmit Power Constraints
The underlay cognitive radio-based hybrid radio frequency / free-space optical (RF / FSO) systems have been emerged as a promising technology due to its ability to eliminate spectrum scarcity and spectrum under-utilization problems. Consequently, this work analyzes the physical layer security aspects of a cognitive RF / FSO hybrid network that includes a primary user, a secondary source, a secondary receiver, and an eavesdropper where the secret communication takes place between two legitimate secondary peers over the RF and FSO links simultaneously, and the eavesdropper can overhear the RF link only. In particular, the maximum transmit power limitation at the secondary user as well as the permissible interference power restriction at the primary user are also taken into consideration. All the RF links are modeled with ααα-μμμ fading whereas the FSO link undergoes Málaga (M) turbulence with link blockage and pointing error impairments. At the receiver, the selection combining diversity technique is utilized to select the signal with the best electrical signal-to-ratio (SNR). Moreover, the closed-form expressions for the secrecy outage probability, probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity, and effective secrecy throughput are derived to analyze the secrecy performance. Besides, the impacts of fading, primary-secondary interference, detection techniques, link blockage probability, atmospheric turbulence, and pointing error are examined. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to corroborate the derived expressions.
With the continued development of optical wireless communications, the security performance of free space optical (FSO) communications is the most crucial aspect that should receive significant attention. Despite the fact that FSO communications are considered more secure than radio frequency systems, their link performance degrades due to some environmental factors such as atmospheric turbulence, fog, and non-zero boresight pointing errors. The combined effect of these factors on the secrecy performance of FSO communication systems over the generalized Malaga- M fading channel is investigated in this paper. This work assumes a more realistic eavesdropping scenario in which both legitimate and unauthorized receivers are located on the same receiving plane. Secrecy outage probability and strictly positive secrecy capacity are expressed in exact closed-form expressions in this work. The results show that the FSO system has acceptable secrecy performance in moderate and light fog, with potential reach distances ranging from hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to verify the numerical results.
The upcoming generations of communications demand high-speed data transfer while concentrating on a human-centric system that demands complete security of the transmitted data as well as the user. So, the focus of this research is on the security of a hybrid radio frequency (RF)-free-space optical (FSO) model with a decode-and-forward (DF) relay between the transmitter and the destination. The RF and FSO links are designed to follow the correlated η−µ and exponentiated Weibull fading distribution, respectively. Here, we consider simultaneous eavesdropping with eavesdroppers at both RF and FSO links trying to steal the transmitted data. Maximal ratio combining (MRC) receiver and selection combining (SC) receiver has been used in the RF links and the FSO links, respectively to improve the secrecy performance of the system. Using the well-known Meijer’s-G function, the security of this proposed method is investigated by deriving closed-form formulas for secrecy outage probability and probability of non-zero secrecy capacity. Numerical results along with Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations are also provided to demonstrate the effects of simultaneous eavesdrop-ping, correlation, aperture averaging, fading parameters, etc. on the secrecy performance of the system.