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Lecture notes in networks and systems

Analysis of Secret Key Agreement Protocol for Massive MIMO Systems

Seiya Otsuka, Hiroki Iimori, Kengo Ando, Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu, Koji Ishibashi, Naoki Ishikawa

Published Nov 4, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-031-18409-3_9

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In this work, we present a scheme of physical layer secret key generation for Millimeter wave (mmWave) Massive MIMO system. Our scheme is compatible with current hardware structure and protocols including Analog Beamforming, Massive MIMO, and Beam Sweep. We add a small perturbation angle into the Angle of Arrival (AoA) of the transmitter as the common randomness, which significantly improved the secret key rate without being constrained by the complexity of link initialization protocols and low dynamic of the channel. Therefore, the secret key rate can be enhanced by increasing the number of perturbations. In addition, our scheme can combat co-located eavesdropper (Eve) by utilizing the high directionality of Massive MIMO antenna. Numerical results show that our scheme has a high bit agreement ratio (BAR) between legitimate users while the co-located Eve only gets the BAR around 50%, which indicates that the secrecy of the generated key is well achieved.
We consider a secret key agreement (SKA) protocol over time division duplex for a massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system. As a security threat, we assume that a pilot contamination attack (PCA) is attempted by an eavesdropper for the purpose to gain information about the secret key. The eavesdropper controls its transmit power for the PCA in a way to maximize the amount of eavesdropping information, while hiding her presence from legitimate users. To fend off this PCA, we consider a SKA protocol working with a PCA detector. Specifically, our SKA protocol suspends the key generation process to prevent information leakage to the eavesdropper if the PCA detector declares the presence of the PCA more than a certain number of times. Taking into account the best choice of the PCA power for the eavesdropper, we analyze an achievable length of generated secret key through our SKA protocol. Simulation results show that our SKA protocol effectively suppresses the eavesdropper's PCA power by adjusting a threshold determining the suspension of the PCA, and a positive length of secret key is achievable through our SKA protocol.
Due to the new channel characteristics, previous preprocessing methods for physical layer key generation cannot be directly applied in mmWave massive MIMO systems. Actually, due to the intolerable high computation complexity and time consumption caused by large dimension of massive MIMO channel, even the previous optimal preprocessing method principal component analysis (PCA) is not suitable. To address the problem, in this paper, we propose a lightweight preprocessing approach called beamspace refinement, which is suitable for mmWave massive MIMO channel by exploiting its channel characteristics namely sparsity. The proposed scheme brings the following advantages. 1) It is lightweight. The computational complexity is quiet low. Unlike the PCA scheme, the proposed scheme does not involve the exponential calculation of the number of antennas, which makes it very suitable for mmWave massive MIMO channel. 2) It is robust against noise. Thus, it can be used to generate secret key with quiet high-entropy and high bit agreement ratio even in low SNR regimes. Numerical results show that the proposed approach outperforms the previous method DCT, WT and PCA in terms of bit agreement ratio, and is on par with PCA in terms of key capacity. Besides, the increase of the antennas number can improve key agreement ratio in our scheme, which is beneficial for massive MIMO system.