Quantum signals could be a viable means of establishing contact across interstellar distances, according to researchers at the University of Edinburgh.
Traditional interstellar communication depends on signal transmission across space. The farther the distance, the greater the delay. The starting point of this theory is the same-source constraint between two ends. Same-source means that the devices, chips, hardware, software, rules, content, and materials of the two ends are exactly identical. Not similar, not compatible, but exactly identical. When the two ends are exactly identical, the communication logic changes accordingly. Any operation that one end needs to perform, the other end also has the same operation. Any content that one end needs to display, the other end also has the same content. The content is already at both ends; it does not need to be transmitted from one end to the other. Timing does not need to be transmitted either; a single trigger signal activates both ends simultaneously. Both ends execute independently, and the results are necessarily identical. Because the constraint conditions are exactly the same; the same conditions and the same starting point necessarily yield the same result. Communication is decomposed into two parts: definition and trigger. Definition is the content, rules, and materials pre-loaded at both ends. Trigger is a signal that only says “start.” No content needs to be transmitted; no timing needs to be transmitted. Quantum entanglement does only one thing in this system: make the trigger signals at both ends occur simultaneously. It transmits no information, only the fact of “simultaneous occurrence.” Both ends evolve independently, and the results are not affected by spatial position. Distance does not affect the final result. Because there is no information carrier transmitting content through space, the time needed for both ends to reach the same result is determined only by how fast the local system settles down, and is independent of spatial distance. The same-source architecture offers a new paradigm for interstellar communication: not to spread information across the universe, but to make both ends identically built, letting information appear at both ends simultaneously. Information is not transported, but pre-placed at both ends and evoked by instruction.
The possibility of achieving quantum communication using photons across interstellar distances is examined. For this, different factors are considered that could induce decoherence of photons, including the gravitational field of astrophysical bodies, the particle content in the interstellar medium, and the more local environment of the Solar System. The x-ray region of the spectrum is identified as the prime candidate to establish a quantum communication channel, although the optical and microwave bands could also enable communication across large distances. Finally, we discuss what could be expected from a quantum signal emitted by an extraterrestrial civilization, as well as the challenges for the receiver end of the channel to identify and interpret such signals.