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Inference International Review of Science

Counting in the Dark

Partha Ghose

Published Oct 11, 2022• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Born in 1894, Satyendra Nath Bose was one of the leading luminaries of twentieth century physics. Written by Bose’s former student, Partha Ghose, this account pays tribute to the life of a trailblazer who, along with Albert Einstein, established a new direction in quantum mechanics, and whose name will echo in the annals of scientific discovery for centuries to come.

DOI
10.37282/991819.22.48

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Born in 1894, Satyendra Nath Bose was one of the leading luminaries of twentieth century physics. Written by Bose’s former student, Partha Ghose, this account pays tribute to the life of a trailblazer who, along with Albert Einstein, established a new direction in quantum mechanics, and whose name will echo in the annals of scientific discovery for centuries to come.
Satyendra Nath (S.N.) Bose is one of the great Indian scientists. His remarkable work on the black body radiation or derivation of Planck’s law led to quantum statistics, in particular, the statistics of photon. Albert Einstein applied Bose’s idea to a gas made of atoms and predicted a new state of matter now called Bose-Einstein condensate. It took 70 years to observe the predicted condensation phenomenon in the laboratory. With a brief introduction to the formative period of Professor Bose, this research survey begins with the founding works on quantum statistics and, subsequently, provides a brief account of the series of events terminating in the experimental realization of Bose-Einstein condensation. We also provide two simple examples to visualize the role of synthetic spin-orbit coupling in a quasi-one-dimensional condensate with attractive atom-atom interaction.
‘God’, said Albert Einstein, ‘does not play dice’. This famous remark by the author of the theory of relativity was not intended as an analysis of the recreational habits of a supreme being but expressed his reaction to the new scientific ideas, developed in the first quarter of the twentieth century, which are now known as quantum physics. Before we can fully appreciate why one of the greatest scientists of modern times should have been led to make such a comment, we must first try to understand the context of scientific and philosophical thought that had become established by the end of the nineteenth century and what it was about the ‘new physics’ that presented such a radical challenge to this consensus. What is often thought of as the modern scientific age began in the sixteenth century, when Nicholas Copernicus proposed that the motion of the stars and planets should be described on the assumption that it is the sun, rather than the earth, which is the centre of the solar system. The opposition, not to say persecution, that this idea encountered from the establishment of that time is well known, but this was unable to prevent a revolution in thinking whose influence has continued to the present day. From that time on, the accepted test of scientific truth has increasingly been observation and experiment rather than religious or philosophical dogma.
Even the experts do not understand it the way they would like to, and it is perfectly reasonable that they should not, because all of direct, human experience and of human intuition applies to large objects. Richard P. Feynman Two great intellectual triumphs occurred in the first quarter of the twentieth century: the invention of the theory of relativity, and the rather more labored arrival of quantum mechanics. The former largely embodies the ideas, and almost exclusively the vision, of Albert Einstein; the latter benefited from many creative minds, and from a constant interplay between theory and experiment. Probability plays no direct role in relativity, which is thus outside the purview and purpose of this book. However, Einstein will make an appearance in the following pages, in what some would claim was his most revolutionary role – as diviner of the logical and physical consequences of every idea that was put forward in the formative stages of quantum mechanics. It is one of the ironies of the history of science that Einstein, who contributed so importantly to the task of creating this subject, never accepted that the job was finished when a majority of physicists did. As a consequence, he participated only indirectly in the great adventure of the second quarter of the century: the use of quantum mechanics to explain the structure of atoms, nuclei, and matter.
‘God’, said Albert Einstein, ‘does not play dice’. This famous remark by the author of the theory of relativity was not intended as an analysis of the recreational habits of a supreme being but expressed his reaction to the new scientific ideas, developed in the first quarter of the twentieth century, which are now known as quantum physics. Before we can fully appreciate why one of the greatest scientists of modern times should have been led to make such a comment, we must first try to understand the context of scientific and philosophical thought that had become established by the end of the nineteenth century and what it was about the ‘new physics’ that presented such a radical challenge to this consensus. What is often thought of as the modern scientific age began in the sixteenth century, when Nicholas Copernicus proposed that the motion of the stars and planets should be described on the assumption that it is the sun, rather than the earth, which is the centre of the solar system. The opposition, not to say persecution, that this idea encountered from much of the establishment of that time is well known, but this was unable to prevent a revolution in thinking whose influence has continued to the present day. From that time on, the accepted test of scientific truth has increasingly been observation and experiment rather than religious or philosophical dogma.