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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Experimental Entanglement-Enhanced Covert Sensing

Shuhong Hao, Haowei Shi, Christos N. Gagatsos, Mayank Mishra, Boulat A. Bash, Ivan B. Djordjević, Saikat Guha, Quntao Zhuang, Zheshen Zhang

Published Jan 1, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report the theory and experiment for entanglement-enhanced covert sensing, a paradigm that simultaneously offers high measurement precision and data integrity by concealing the execution of the protocol.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2022.ff4a.1

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The laws of quantum physics endow superior performance and security for information processing: quantum sensing harnesses nonclassical resources to enable measurement precision unmatched by classical sensing, whereas quantum cryptography aims to unconditionally protect the secrecy of the processed information. Here, we present the theory and experiment for entanglement-enhanced covert sensing, a paradigm that simultaneously offers high measurement precision and data integrity by concealing the probe signal in an ambient noise background so that the execution of the protocol is undetectable with a high probability. We show that entanglement offers a performance boost in estimating the imparted phase by a probed object, as compared to a classical protocol at the same covertness level. The implemented entanglement-enhanced covert sensing protocol operates close to the fundamental quantum limit by virtue of its near-optimum entanglement source and quantum receiver. Our work is expected to create ample opportunities for quantum information processing at unprecedented security and performance levels.
Quantum mechanics has paved the way for establishing shared privacy among communicating parties through a secure regime known as quantum-secured communication. Recent advancements in both theory and experimentation have unveiled the potential of quantum resources in enhancing the performance and security of estimating unknown parameters. This has led to the emergence of a novel paradigm known as quantum-secured covert sensing, wherein the sensing operation is concealed from an adversary monitoring the environment by embedding the probe signal in a bright noise background. The performance and security of such protocols are quantified using quantum measurement theory. While previous investigations into quantum-secured covert sensing primarily focused on proof-of-concept phase estimation problems, this paper presents a pioneering quantum-secured covert sensing system designed for the Doppler effect---a versatile estimation problem with broad applications. Our research uncovers an inherent trade-off among measurement precision, security, and range within the system. This work establishes a new avenue for incorporating physical-layer security into sensing systems, thereby opening up exciting possibilities for future research in this field.
The paradigm of quantum metrology and sensing aims to identify a quantum advantage in precision at a fixed energy of the probe state. However, in practice, employing high-energy classical probes is often simpler than leveraging the quantum regime. This is not the case of covert sensing scenarios, where detection must be performed while avoiding discovery by an adversary, because increasing energy unduly facilitates the adversary. In this Letter, we introduce a general framework to assess the quantum advantage in covert situations based on extending the information bottleneck principle to decision problems via the Chernoff information. We demonstrate how entangled photonic probes paired with photon counting significantly outperform classical coherent transmitters in covert detection and ranging, often representing the only option for secrecy. Thus, our work highlights the great potential of integrating quantum sensing into lidar and radar systems to enhance covert performance.