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Quantum Mechanical Aspects In Classical Physics

Francesco R. Ruggeri

Published Mar 14, 2018• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In a series of notes we examined a 2x2 matrix model which is naturally incorporated into Einstein´s 1905 energy momentum equation p2 + m2 = E2 (1). We showed that it was possible to obtain energy, velocity and momentum matrices, calculate expectation, dispersion values and establish exp(-iHt) as the time evolution operator. From this, we calculated zitterbewegung and the time dependence of other matrices. The purpose of this note is to see if this formalism, established for a relativistic model can also be applied to the nonrelativistic case. Several cases are considered. Next, we try to apply the model to the case of a classical spring, which is related to the production of phonons.In this case, we apply the mathematics of the model to the classical spring, not the model itself. It is found that one can obtain a velocity matrix and find an energy matrix with time evolution of exp(-iHt). Furthermore, it appears that time dependent operator calculations predict classical periodic motion with a period of sqrt(k/m), where k is the spring constant and m the mass.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.1197484

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In a series of notes we examined a 2x2 matrix model which is naturally incorporated into Einstein´s 1905 energy momentum equation p2 + m2 = E2 (1). We showed that it was possible to obtain energy, velocity and momentum matrices, calculate expectation, dispersion values and establish exp(-iHt) as the time evolution operator. From this, we calculated zitterbewegung and the time dependence of other matrices. The purpose of this note is to see if this formalism, established for a relativistic model can also be applied to the nonrelativistic case. Several cases are considered. Next, we try to apply the model to the case of a classical spring, which is related to the production of phonons.In this case, we apply the mathematics of the model to the classical spring, not the model itself. It is found that one can obtain a velocity matrix and find an energy matrix with time evolution of exp(-iHt). Furthermore, it appears that time dependent operator calculations predict classical periodic motion with a period of sqrt(k/m), where k is the spring constant and m the mass.
The purpose of this note is to investigate dynamical features of the 2x2 matrix approach contained in Einstein´s 1905 energy momentum equation E2 = p2 + m2 (1) In particular, we wish to investigate the existence of physical oscillations consistent with the model. The model was based on conversion of (1) into a 2x2 matrix eigenvalue system with various matrices as operators. The matrices and eigenvectors obey quantum mechanical math with exp(-iHt) as a time evolution operator. It is thus possible to calculate O(t)=exp(iHt) O exp(-iHt) where O is an operator. This leads to oscillatory motion along and perpendicular to the x axis in the one dimensional approach used. This oscillatory motion is considered in sme detail and comparisons with transformations of light from a stationary to moving frame are made.
In a number of notes , a linear 2x2 matrix Dirac type equation was examined as a solution of Einstein’s 1905 energy momentum equation E2=p2+m2 (1). This model was able to reproduce Schrodinger zitterbewegung.To do this, however, one had to identify the 2x2 energy matrix H as being part of the evolution operator exp(-iHt). It was seen that the identity matrix together with H could transform any two vector into the eigenvector of H, which is taken as the stable solution. This idea of an evolution operator thus seems to be important. In addition, the model led to a 2-eigenvector which was interpreted as the square root of two components of probability, one in which a particle moves forward the other in which it moves backward Overall, the particle moves forward with a velocity of v along the x axis. Knuth has also proposed such a model. It was found that the probabilities which came from this quantum mechanical type matrix solution matched those obtained by maximizing statistical entropy. In a note , the 2x2 matrix model was applied to a system of classical particles which could have energy e1 or e2. It was argued that the 2x2 model predicted zitterbewegung for this statistical system. The object of this note is to explore whether the 2x2 model can be used to predict zitterbewegung in a statistical system with a potential.
In a series of notes it was shown that a 2x2 matrix energy eigenvalue equation is naturally contained in Einstein´s 1905 energy momentum equation E2 = p2 + m2 . This equation, which appears to be related to the Dirac equation, but contains no spatial features, is linear in energy and describes bouncing of a particle back and forth with an overall average motion of v to the right. It appears to be quantum mechanical in nature as the energy matrix acts as an evolution operator, expectation values of operators are taken and one has an energy eigenvector representing the square roots of probability. Knuth [18 ] has used a model which yields directly probabilities for a particle bouncing back and forth with an average v to the right. It was shown that these probabilities, the squares of the terms of the energy eigenvector, can be obtained by maximizing Shannon´s entropy subject to the constraint the f1-f2= v, where f1 is the probability to move forward and f2, that to move backward. In this note, we try to find a link between the 2x2 matrix equation and the Schrodinger (or Dirac) equation in a region with a potential V(r). The Schrodinger equation, unlike the matrix equation, is spatial. Next, we try to see if there are any features of zitterbewegung that might apply in this case. In the 2x2 matrix model, Schrodinger´s zitterbewegung can be derived, so it seems reasonable to ask whether there might be zitterbewegung in the more complicated case of a bound state in a potential. Finally, we raise the issue of a possible link between the Schrodinger equation and statistical mechanics. In the 2x2 model, the forward and backward postulated motion of a particle was connected to maximum entropy. It would be interesting if a similar idea could be applied to bound states. We do not present any calculations related to such entropy maximization, but mention work in the literature in which Tsallis entropy is maximized subject to constraints to obtain the ground state wavefunction without solving the single particle temperature=0 Schrodinger equation.
We consider the possibility that both classical statistical mechanical systems as well as quantum mechanical time independent systems evolve according to the Hamiltonian H. This suggests that given the energy of the system, the Hamiltonian operating on a density or wavefunction will bring back the density or wavefunction with a weight factor of E, energy. For the quantum mechanical case, E represents a frequency. We argue that it is a frequency for both the quantum and statistical mechanical case, related to how quickly the system interacts under the Hamiltonian. We also examine an aspect of interference in the quantum wavefunction which may be related to a 2x2 model of a particle which cycles back and forth as it moves with an average velocity v in a certain direction. We argue that the plane waves stirred up in a potential (or in the Fourier series of the wavefunction) are associated with periodic time motion (due to zitterbewegung). We argue that as these plane waves interfere, they create a new constant average energy throughout a system with a potential which acts as the period of periodic time behaviour, namely exp(iEt)
A 2x2 matrix equation, linear in E and similar to the Dirac equation, was proposed in a series of earlier notes for the energy momentum equation. This allowed one to obtain an eigenvector of 1/sqrt(2) (sqrt(1+v), sqrt(1-v)) with c=1. It is believed that (1+v)/2 and (1-v)/2 are probabilities of this quantum mechanical type solution. It was also found that f1=(1+v)/2 and f2= (1-v)/2 could be obtained from maximizing entropy subject to (f1-f2)=v. Thus, there seems to be an equivalency between quantum mechanical statistics and regular statistical mechanics for this model. In addition, the model reproduces Schrodinger zitterbewegung. In this note, a 2x2 matrix model is proposed for a system of particles in a box with allowable energies of e1 and e2 . This system can be described by statistical mechanics, but the purpose of the note is to see if it can also be described in quantum mechanical terms with eigenvector (sqrt(f1), sqrt(f2)) with fi being the distribution of ei.. Doing so seems to give zitterbewegung results for a matrix |e1 0| |0 e2| suggesting that there may be periodic time dependent fluctuations in a statistical mechanical gas. It is possible that this zitterbewegung may be associated with a kind of oscillation in the hot gas. The expectation of the above matrix is E/N where E is the total energy of the gas and N the number of particles.
In previous notes (1) we argued that the free particle action A (either nonrelativistic or relativistic) may have v (velocity) written as x/t and x and t varied independently to yield: dA/dx partial = p and dA/t partial = -E with A=-Et+px, the Lorentz invariant classical Action = t Lagrangian. We further argued that one may write eigenvalue equations i.e. -idexp(iA)/dx partial = p exp(iA) and idexp(iA)/dt partial = Eexp(iA) and call exp(iA) a type of probability. We noted that if a potential is present one may use P(p/x)= a(p)exp(ipx)/W(x) [W(x)=wavefunction = Sum over p a(p)exp(ipx)] and establish a conservation of energy equation KE(x) + V(x) = E such that there exists the same constant E at each x. We described this in two ways. First E represents binding energy so at each x one has the same binding energy i.e. each x point maps to the same E as part of the mass of an overall moving system. Secondly, we argued that E was a parameter indicating that equilibrium existed at each x point, much like temperature T. In this note we wish to consider a different idea suggested in (2), namely that if one has a quantum state: W(x)= Sum over n a(n,t) Wn(x) this may be written as: <i |H| j> a*(i,t)a(j,t) = <W H W>.. If Hamilton’s equations for complex variables are applied to these then: i d/dt partial a*(i,t) = d/da(i,t) partial { <W H W> } ((A)) (2) argues this is the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. In other words, probability weights of the Schrodinger equations (which are complex) obey Hamilton’s classical equation. In this note, we point out that the formalism dA/dx partial = p already introduces operators into classical physics, so it follows that H is an operator which may act on states. We consider the idea of ((A)) as applied to a free quantum particle moving. Next, we apply ((A)) to a quantum bound state and argue that a classical Hamilton’s equation applied to d/dt a(p) partial may describe equilibrium. Finally ((A)) may be applied to a sum of eigenstates, but this is already shown in (2).