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Photon structure

Solomon Khmelnik

Published Nov 28, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The so-called. wave-AND-particle - WAP, which is a standing wave in the volume of a cube. On the sides of the cube, the flux is zero, i.e. the cube does not emit energy. However, there are magnetic and electrical strengths on the sides of the cube. It is shown that such HIV, having received a quantum of energy, becomes a quantum of energy flow and flies at the speed of light. Such a representation allows one to remove the contradictions between Maxwell's equations and the quantization of the energy of electromagnetic radiation, associated, firstly, with the fact that the energy transferred from light to atoms depends only on frequency, and, secondly, with the fact that it is impossible to find the wave equation for a photon.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.5733303

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The so-called. wave-AND-particle - WAP, which is a standing wave in the volume of a cube. On the sides of the cube, the flux is zero, i.e. the cube does not emit energy. However, there are magnetic and electrical strengths on the sides of the cube. It is shown that such HIV, having received a quantum of energy, becomes a quantum of energy flow and flies at the speed of light. Such a representation allows one to remove the contradictions between Maxwell's equations and the quantization of the energy of electromagnetic radiation, associated, firstly, with the fact that the energy transferred from light to atoms depends only on frequency, and, secondly, with the fact that it is impossible to find the wave equation for a photon.
Quantum mechanics has the quantization. The quantization offer us a method from the mechanic equation to build the quantum wave equation. For example the Canonical quantization offers a method to build the Schrodinger equation from Hamilton in classical mechanics. This is also referred as first quantization. In general, Maxwell equation itself is wave equation, hence, it doesn't need the first quantization. There is second quantization, for electromagnetic field. The second quantization discuss how many photons can be created when the energy of electromagnetic field is known. This is not interesting to this author. This author is interested how to build a particle from the wave equations (Maxwell equations or Schrodinger equation). Here the particle should confined in space locally. It should has the properties of wave. Our traditional quantization is to find the wave equation. This author try to build a particle from this wave equation, this process can be called as particleization. This author has introduced the mutual energy principle, the mutual energy principle successfully solved the problem of conflict between the Maxwell equations and the law of the energy conservation. The mutual energy flow theorem is derived from the mutual energy principle. The mutual energy flow is consist of the retarded wave and the advanced wave. The mutual energy flow theorem tell us the total energy of the energy flow passes through any surfaces between the emitter to the absorber are all exactly same. This property is required by the photon and any particle in quantum mechanics. Hence, this author has linked the mutual energy flow to the photon and also other particle. The mutual energy flow has the property of waves and also confined in space locally. However there is still a problem, the field of an emitter or the field of an absorber decreases according to the distance from the field point to the source point. If the current (or charge) of a source or sink for a photon is constant. The energy of the photon which equals the inner product of the current and the field will depended on the distance between the the source and the sink of the photon. If the distance increases, the amount of photon energy will decrease to infinite small. This is not correct. The energy of a photon should be a constant E=hv. The energy of the photon cannot decrease with the distance between the emitter and the absorber. In order overcome this difficulty, this author suggests a normalization for the mutual energy flow. It is assume that the retarded wave sent from the emitter has collapse back in all direction. But the mutual energy flow build a energy channel between the source and sink. Since the energy can only go through this channel, the total energy of one photon must go through this channel. Hence, the total energy of the mutual energy flow has to be normalized to the energy of one photon. The mutual energy flow will increase to the energy of one photon. This leads that the amplitude of the wave does not decrease on the direction along the energy channel. The amplitude of the advanced wave also does not decrease on the direction of the energy channel. The electromagnetic wave in the space between an emitter (source) and an absorber (sink) looks like a wave inside a wave guide. The wave in a wave guide, the amplitude does not decrease alone the wave guide if the loss of energy can be omitted. This wave guide can be referred as the “nature wave guide”. In the nature wave guide the advanced wave leads the the retarded wave, hence, the retarded wave can only goes at the direction where has advanced wave. The retarded wave also leads the advanced wave. The advanced wave can only goes in the direction of the retarded wave. This normalization process successfully particularized the the mutual energy flow. This author believe this theory about the normalization/particleization of the mutual energy flow is also correct for other particle for example electron.
The present work is concerned with de Broglie's quantum theory of light. It is assumed that the photon is described by a Hermitian wave function with 16 components. Using this wave function it is shown that the 32 of de Broglie's equations are reduced to one set of 16 equations in the form: [equation] where the [alpha]'[rho] are Dirac matrices and [psi] is a matrix with 16 components. The electromagnetic quantities associated with the photon are described by means of the Dirac matrices operating on [psi] in a specified way. It is shown also that these electromagnetic quantities satisfy Maxwell's equations as a result of the equation the interaction between an electron and a photon is developed and the matrix elements for the radiation transitions are calculated. It is further shown that the above wave equation can be considered as the superposition of two similar wave equations, one for the positive energy photons and the other for the negative energy photons. To each of these states there corresponds electromagnetic quantities defined by the above method. It is the superposition of these fields which gives rise to the reality of the electromagnetic field, found in experience. The wave mechanics of the positive energy photon is discussed and the method of second quantization is applied to its wave function, from which we deduce the commutation relations for the complex fields.
Maxwell's equations describe the interactions of the electromagnetic field at a macroscopic level. In the 1920s, Louis DeBroglie demonstrated that every moving particle (including an electron) has a wave nature, and we know from Einstein that every wave has a particle nature, which we call the photon. Later in the 1930s, Paul Dirac's development of the famous Dirac equation showed the quantum nature of the electron at relativistic speeds. Then in 1948 Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger extended these concepts in the development of quantum electrodynamics which gives a full accounting (although a very strange one) of how an electron can borrow energy from the vacuum of space and return it legally as long it does so within limits of the uncertainty principle.
Photons and electrons One of the great technical achievements of the second half of the 20th century was the invention of the laser. With its help extremely intense light could be produced. Furthermore, it even became posssible to excite a single resonator mode so that both the frequency and the propagation direction of the emitted radiation field are extraordinarily sharp. The mere existence of such high-intensity single-mode fields – the real problem that was ingeniously solved was to generate them – is no matter of surprise. We know from classical electromagnetic theory that the amplitude of a monochromatic electromagnetic field can take on arbitrarily large values. This is a direct consequence of the linearity of Maxwell's equations. What does this mean for quantized radiation fields? Certainly, the mentioned property of classical fields must also be retained in the quantum mechanical description. Since the electromagnetic energy is quantized in ‘packets’ of magnitude h ν (photons), the number of photons in a given mode must be unlimited, in principle. All this is very well known. However, it becomes noteworthy when we compare the behaviour of photons with that of electrons. Amazingly, it turns out that an electronic quantum state can be occupied by one electron, at maximum. (Strictly speaking, in the description of the electronic state the spin variable must be included.) This drastic difference in the collective behaviour of photons and electrons could, in fact, not be expected from what we know from single photons and electrons. Both of them have particle-like as well as wave-like properties. However, when many of them are present, they exhibit quite different a demeanour.
Though it has been widely viewed that the light consists of quantum particles known as photons, the light is not made of quantum particles or photons, and the light is always a wave. What is quantized in the light is the frequency. The electromagnetic frequency is always quantized due to the quantized nature of the electromagnetic energy; the quantum energy results in quantum frequency. The light is made up of many discrete electromagnetic wave bursts of constant durations; each burst consists of an electromagnetic wave of a single frequency determined by an integer multiple of the indivisible quantum energy units. The quantum energy and frequency are synonymous; they are one and the same. The duration of a wave burst is a universal constant, and it is the same for all the wave bursts irrespective of the frequency of the electromagnetic wave they contain. Since the quantum energy is in the frequency of the electromagnetic wave in a wave burst, the light can be propagated unlimited distances with the quantum energy intact, without which, the evolution of life would not have occurred. The quantum energy is not affected by any gradual path degradation even after the propagation of light for billions of light years since the quantum energy is the frequency; this would have been an impossible task by any other means such as carrying the quantum energy in a particle or photon on a wave. The light is always a wave, and never a particle; there is no wave-particle duality. There is absolutely no need for an unrealistic, artificial quantum light particle, or photon hypothesis. The hypothetical mass-less particles only exist in human imagination; they do not exist in the nature.
James Maxwell is one of the most important physicists of all time. He did landmark work in unifying electricity and magnetism and also describing the two with a coherent mathematical framework. In the process, he discovered that light is an electromagnetic wave that can oscillate in a vacuum. He also played critical roles in the development of statistical mechanics, which is why we call e(−E/(kBT)e^(-E/(k_B T)e(−E/(kB​T) ) the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Unfortunately, to fully work with his mathematical formulation of electromagnetism, via the so-called Maxwell equations, requires one to master vector calculus. So, in this chapter, we do not cover the complete derivation of his work, but instead show how it applies directly to light and from that we are then be able to jump into quantum optics. The goal of this chapter is to precisely explain and illustrate for you what a photon really is. Not just a particle of light, nor just a wavepacket, but a specific quantum structure that has the property that it can be measured once and only once. Then we put together all of these new insights to explain how one measures gravitational waves with quantum mechanics.