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Journal of Modern Optics

The characteristics of higher-order derivative coherent states (DCS)

Anas Othman, David O. Yevick

Published Sep 9, 2022• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The concept of a near superposition [Othman A, Yevick D. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 2018; 57:2293–2308] has recently been introduced as the superposition of two semi-identical states and has, in particular, been realized with coherent states. This paper provides a higher-order generalization of this procedure and, in particular, examines the ‘derivative limit’ for which the phases of all the lower-order states are identical and equal to a particular constant. In the derivative limit, the near coherent state superposition is transformed after successive derivative operations into a high-order Derivative Coherent State (DCS). The DCS is accordingly generated by constructing and subsequently displacing a certain stationary seed state formed by superimposing only even or odd Fock states. The mathematical and statistical properties of the DCS display several behaviours and non-classical features that are pronounced for high-order states. These non-classical properties include the Q-Mandel, higher-order antibunching, linear squeezing, and amplitude squared squeezing.

DOI
10.1080/09500340.2022.2119612

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The concept of a near superposition [Othman A, Yevick D. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 2018; 57:2293–2308] has recently been introduced as the superposition of two semi-identical states and has, in particular, been realized with coherent states. This paper provides a higher-order generalization of this procedure and, in particular, examines the ‘derivative limit’ for which the phases of all the lower-order states are identical and equal to a particular constant. In the derivative limit, the near coherent state superposition is transformed after successive derivative operations into a high-order Derivative Coherent State (DCS). The DCS is accordingly generated by constructing and subsequently displacing a certain stationary seed state formed by superimposing only even or odd Fock states. The mathematical and statistical properties of the DCS display several behaviours and non-classical features that are pronounced for high-order states. These non-classical properties include the Q-Mandel, higher-order antibunching, linear squeezing, and amplitude squared squeezing.
Othman and Yevick [Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57, 2293 (2018)] introduced a new class of states defined as “near” coherent states attached to the simple harmonic oscillator. Such states can be expressed as superposition of a standard coherent state and a derivative state, which are neither completely quantum nor completely classical. Here, we introduce photon-added (-depleted) near coherent states [PA(D)NCS] through “m” times application of creation (annihilation) operators â†(â) to the near coherent state. A general analysis of nonclassical properties of the PA(D)NCS, such as sub-Poissonian statistics and squeezing effect, is given analytically and numerically in the context of the conventional quantum optics. We also derive the Wigner distribution function of the PA(D)NCS over phase space which may bear negative values, which is a good indication of their nonclassical properties. Finally, an experimental procedure for generating the PA(D)NCSs is established.
We study the Hong-Mandel 2n th-order squeezing of the Hermitian operator, X θ ≡ X1 cos θ + X2 sin θ and amplitude n th-power squeezing of the Hermitian operator,], of vacuum state and even coherent state defined by |α,, a is the annihilation operator, α, θ, r and ϕ are arbitrary and the only restriction on these is the normalization condition of the superposed state.We show that the Hong-Mandel 2n th-order squeezing and amplitude odd-power squeezing exhibited by even coherent state enhance in its superposition with vacuum state.Variations of these higher-orders squeezing with different parameters near its maxima have also been discussed.
Approximating a continuous superposition by a discrete one leads to an understanding of the role of quantum interference in generating squeezed coherent states, and in its quantum properties. It was shown that discrete superposition with a large enough number of coherent states with appropriate coefficients can have practically the same features as the squeezed coherent state. Dependent on the parameters W, r and 8, different numbers of coherent states are required for the interference fringe to form a Wigner function resembling that of the squeezed vacuum state and to reduce the deviation below a certain value. For the case of rotating the direction of squeezing, about 20 states were required to lower the deviation to 0.05%, while 640 states would be necessary when a unit displacement along the imaginary axis is included. When only a few coherent states are superimposed, the resulting state changes chaotically. In the case when the approximated squeezed coherent state was displaced along the imaginary axis an interesting Schrodinger cat-like state was found with about 20 coherent states on the real axis. At this point a significant peak occurs in the variances of the quadratures. It turned out that non-classical states can be effectively produced by a discrete superposition of coherent states with the coefficients derived from the one-dimensional representation of the given state.
The near superposition of squeezed vacuum states (NSVS) is investigated in this article. The state appears to be a superposition of a squeezed vacuum state (SVS) and a derivative-squeezed vacuum state. We have shown that NSVS is significantly different from any regular superposition of two SVSs. NSVS, like SVS, displays only even photons, but with different distributions. In some cases, NSVS has no vacuum state. NSVS displays sub-Poissonian statistics for small values of the squeezing parameter. NSVS reveals linear and amplitude-squared squeezing, with amplitude-squared squeezing surpassing SVS in most cases. The minimum uncertainty is explored, and a possible method for generating NSVS is explained. We have discovered that NSVS exhibits a similar behavior for all phase differences except when it equals precisely zero. This phenomenon has been identified and could potentially enable more sensitive measurements.
In this paper we discuss the nonclassical properties of quantum superpositions of coherent states of light. Using general expressions for the Wigner functions of superposition states we analyze the consequences of quantum interference between coherent states. We describe in detail nonclassical properties of a superposition of two coherent states. In particular, we study the oscillatory behavior of the photon number distribution of the even and odd coherent states. We show under which conditions a superposition of two coherent states can exhibit second- and fourth-order squeezing or sub-Poissonian photon statistics. We examine the sensitivity of nonclassical effects such as oscillations in the photon number distribution or second-order squeezing to dissipation. We demonstrate that quantities such as the photon number distribution and interferences in phase space are highly sensitive to even a quite small dissipative coupling, because they depend on all moments of the field observables, and higher moments decay more rapidly than lower moments. Quantities such as quadrature squeezing, on the other hand, are more robust against dissipation because they involve only lower moments. Finally, we find a remarkable effect whereby fourth-order squeezing is generated by damping.