With the rapid development of the Internet, Internet of Things (IoT) technology is widely used in people’s daily lives. As the number of IoT devices increases, the amount of data to be processed also increases. The emergence of cloud computing can process the data of IoT devices in a timely manner, and it provides robust storage and computing capabilities to facilitate data resource sharing. Since wireless communication networks are unstable and open, it is easy for attackers to eavesdrop, intercept, and tamper with the messages sent. In addition, authentication protocols designed for IoT-enabled cloud computing environments still face many security challenges. Therefore, to address these security issues, we propose an Intel software-guard-extensions (SGX)-based authentication key agreement protocol in an IoT-enabled cloud computing environment. The goal is to ensure data privacy and sustainable communication between the entities. Moreover, SGX can resist several well-known attacks. Finally, we show the security using the real-or-random model, ProVerif, and informal analysis. We also compare the security and performance of the proposed protocol with existing protocols. The comparison results show that our proposed protocol reduces the communication cost by 7.07% compared to the best one among the current protocols and ensures sufficient security.
With the rapid development of the Internet, Internet of Things (IoT) technology is widely used in people’s daily lives. As the number of IoT devices increases, the amount of data to be processed also increases. The emergence of cloud computing can process the data of IoT devices in a timely manner, and it provides robust storage and computing capabilities to facilitate data resource sharing. Since wireless communication networks are unstable and open, it is easy for attackers to eavesdrop, intercept, and tamper with the messages sent. In addition, authentication protocols designed for IoT-enabled cloud computing environments still face many security challenges. Therefore, to address these security issues, we propose an Intel software-guard-extensions (SGX)-based authentication key agreement protocol in an IoT-enabled cloud computing environment. The goal is to ensure data privacy and sustainable communication between the entities. Moreover, SGX can resist several well-known attacks. Finally, we show the security using the real-or-random model, ProVerif, and informal analysis. We also compare the security and performance of the proposed protocol with existing protocols. The comparison results show that our proposed protocol reduces the communication cost by 7.07% compared to the best one among the current protocols and ensures sufficient security.
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a dynamic infrastructure, leveraging sensing and network communication technology to establish ubiquitous connectivity among people, machines, and objects. Due to its end devices’ limited computing resources and storage space, it is not feasible to merely transpose traditional internet security technologies directly to IoT endpoints. Maintaining security while concurrently ensuring performance is a particularly challenging endeavor. This paper provides a review of key agreements and authentication protocols pivotal to the security of IoT. First, this survey discusses the applications that need authentication and key agreement to strengthen their security and current research on these application fields. Subsequently, this paper engages in an in-depth exploration of the phase involved in the scheme of authentication and key agreement, including an examination of the cryptographic techniques employed within these processes. This survey also thoroughly studies the scheme’s security services, potential attacks, formal analysis and informal analysis to ensure resilience against such threats. This study aims to provide a profound understanding of the recent research on authentication and key agreement in IoT applications. It strives to contribute towards strengthening security systems for IoT applications, ensuring their sustainability in the face of evolving threats.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is among the most promising technologies of the future, and its development has garnered attention worldwide. However, the rise of the IoT has been accompanied by a proportionate increase in security concerns regarding communication between IoT entities. Recently, Alzahrani et al. proposed an identity-based authentication and key agreement protocol for an IoT environment, wherein a physically unclonable function was employed. They claimed that their protocol can resist various types of attacks; however, after thorough analysis, we determined it to be ineffective against privileged internal attacks, physical IoT device capture attacks, stolen-verifier attacks, and known temporary information exposure attacks. To resolve these security weaknesses, we propose a new authentication and key agreement protocol. In addition, we demonstrate that the proposed protocol is provably secure in real-or-random (ROR) model and Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic, resisting known attacks while incurring low communication and computation costs.
The internet of things (IoT) and cloud computing are evolving technologies in the information technology field. Merging the pervasive IoT technology with cloud computing is an innovative solution for better analytics and decision-making. Deployed IoT devices offload different types of data to the cloud, while cloud computing converges the infrastructure, links up the servers, analyzes information obtained from the IoT devices, reinforces processing power, and offers huge storage capacity. However, this merging is prone to various cyber threats that affect the IoT-Cloud environment. Mutual authentication is considered as the forefront mechanism for cyber-attacks as the IoT-Cloud participants have to ensure the authenticity of each other and generate a session key for securing the exchanged traffic. While designing these mechanisms, the constrained nature of the IoT devices must be taken into consideration. We proposed a novel lightweight protocol (Light-AHAKA) for authenticating IoT-Cloud elements and establishing a key agreement for encrypting the exchanged sensitive data was proposed. In this paper, the formal verification of (Light-AHAKA) was presented to prove and verify the correctness of our proposed protocol to ensure that the protocol is free from design flaws before the deployment phase. The verification is performed based on two different approaches, the strand space model and the automated validation of internet security protocols and applications (AVISPA) tool.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an important technology which permits different devices and machines to interconnect with each other using heterogeneous networks. The integration of numerous techniques is expected to offer extraordinary growth in future and current promising applications of IoT. In these days, the secure communication among interconnected IoT components has become an important issue of concern. Therefore, it has become a foremost need to design such authentication protocol which can make the secure communication among IoT components. In this article, we proposed an identity-based authentication and key agreement protocol for the IoT environment in order to offer the secure communication between various IoT entities. The devised protocol utilizes the physically unclonable function which helps to robustly resist the physical attack on IoT components. We analyze the proposed protocol informally which clearly shows that the proposed protocol offers the perfect forward secrecy, device anonymity and untraceability and also resists the desynchronization, IoT node impersonation and server impersonation attacks. The security features of proposed protocol are also analyzed formally using well known Random Oracle Model (ROM). Moreover, the performance of the devised protocol has also been determined in terms of communication and computational overhead. The performance and security analysis shows the supremacy of the devised protocol over the various related protocols.
The Internet of Things (IoT) cloud model provides an efficient scheme for rapid collection, storage, processing, and analysis of massive node data, and its application has gradually expanded to key areas such as healthcare and transportation. However, the security issues of open channel transmission in IoT still persist. Researchers have proposed a lot of solutions, but the forward secrecy, session key security, and other aspects have not been effectively solved. This paper proposes a provably secure authenticated key agreement scheme, which constructs a secure channel between endpoint, gateway, and cloud server (CS). Compared with other schemes, this scheme has three characteristics: (1) According to the different computing resources of devices, gateways and CSs, a segmented differential authentication and secret key negotiation protocol is designed by using cryptographic primitives with different computing overheads; (2) after verification with the ProVerif tool, rigorous proof with the real‐or‐random (ROR) model, and informal analysis, the protocol has been proven to be secure, effectively guarding against typical threats; and (3) compared with the five most recent schemes, it can be seen that the protocol is at least 35% superior to other schemes in endpoint computational overhead, and it meets 10 security objectives, making it very suitable for application scenarios where endpoint resources are limited.
With the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), maintaining data confidentiality and protecting user privacy have become increasingly challenging. End devices in the IoT are often deployed in unattended environments and connected to open networks, making them vulnerable to physical tampering and other security attacks. Different authentication key agreement (AKA) schemes have been used in practice; several of them do not cover the necessary security features or are incompatible with resource-constrained end devices. Their security proofs have been performed under the Random-Oracle model. We present an AKA protocol for end devices and servers. The proposal leverages the ECC-based key exchange mechanism and one-way hash function-based message authentication method to achieve mutual authentication, user anonymity, and forward security. A formal security proof of the proposed scheme is performed under the standard model and the eCK model with the elliptic curve encryption computational assumptions, and formal verification is performed with ProVerif. According to the performance comparison, it is revealed that the proposed scheme offers user anonymity, perfect forward security, and mutual authentication, and resists typical attacks such as ephemeral secret leakage attacks, impersonation attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and key compromise impersonation attacks. Moreover, the proposed scheme has the lowest computational and communication overhead compared to existing schemes.