Article includes “Linking radioactive dating to origin of the universe” or “How dinosaurs committed scientific heresy & exterminated the Big Bang” Vector-tensor-scalar geometry’s important insights into 1) Cancer, 2) The origin of the moon In a newsletter discussing “Automated discovery of fundamental variables hidden in experimental data” (Chen, B., Huang, K., Raghupathi, S. et al. Automated discovery of fundamental variables hidden in experimental data. Nat Comput Sci 2, 433–442 (2022). Cosmos Magazine attributed the following statement to co-author Qiang Du, “What other laws are we missing simply because we don’t have the variables?” According to Cosmos, another co-author (Hod Lipson) argues that scientists may be misinterpreting or failing to understand many phenomena simply because they don’t have a good set of variables. All of this reminds me of the Hidden Variables associated with Albert Einstein’s doubts about quantum mechanics. I’ve been thinking about hidden variables for perhaps twenty or more years and it seems that their combination with the Mobius strip, figure-8 Klein bottle, base 2 mathematics, vector-tensor-scalar geometry, and Wick rotation might unite quantum mechanics and relativity. The union would result in explanation of particles existing in two or more places at once being due to our frame of reference. It would also explain wave-particle duality and, on a universal scale, why there was no Big Bang. The section on vector-tensor-scalar geometry is very important since it provides insights into 1) cancer, and 2) the origin of the moon. The yet-to-be-discovered underlying physics of the wave function proposed in this comment predicts exactness in outcomes, not probability or randomness. Quantum mechanics says particles can, according to our frame of reference, be in two or more places at once. This frame of reference is necessarily restricted to our present understanding of quantum mechanics which Albert Einstein and his colleagues claimed to be incomplete. Hidden Variables are presently hypothetical factors based on the belief that the theory of quantum mechanics is incomplete. Their identification would lead to exact predictions, not just probabilities, for the outcomes of measurements. Albert Einstein is the most famous proponent of hidden variables. Their existence would vindicate his belief that quantum mechanics is lacking something. It’s proposed here that electronics’ binary digits (1’s and 0’s) are those hidden variables. Despite Bell’s theorem and the more recent Pusey–Barrett–Rudolph theorem, hidden variables can be a valid theory since the following boxed explanation of unification of all time periods allows the existence of both “retarded” waves going forwards in time and the disfavoured “advanced” waves travelling back in time and this permits quantum entanglement of every form of mass if, as shown, gravitational waves interacting with electromagnetic waves is responsible for production of mass. The misperception that the universe is expanding is accounted for by retarded/advanced shift.
Article includes “Linking radioactive dating to origin of the universe” or “How dinosaurs committed scientific heresy & exterminated the Big Bang” Vector-tensor-scalar geometry’s important insights into 1) Cancer, 2) The origin of the moon In a newsletter discussing “Automated discovery of fundamental variables hidden in experimental data” (Chen, B., Huang, K., Raghupathi, S. et al. Automated discovery of fundamental variables hidden in experimental data. Nat Comput Sci 2, 433–442 (2022). Cosmos Magazine attributed the following statement to co-author Qiang Du, “What other laws are we missing simply because we don’t have the variables?” According to Cosmos, another co-author (Hod Lipson) argues that scientists may be misinterpreting or failing to understand many phenomena simply because they don’t have a good set of variables. All of this reminds me of the Hidden Variables associated with Albert Einstein’s doubts about quantum mechanics. I’ve been thinking about hidden variables for perhaps twenty or more years and it seems that their combination with the Mobius strip, figure-8 Klein bottle, base 2 mathematics, vector-tensor-scalar geometry, and Wick rotation might unite quantum mechanics and relativity. The union would result in explanation of particles existing in two or more places at once being due to our frame of reference. It would also explain wave-particle duality and, on a universal scale, why there was no Big Bang. The section on vector-tensor-scalar geometry is very important since it provides insights into 1) cancer, and 2) the origin of the moon. The yet-to-be-discovered underlying physics of the wave function proposed in this comment predicts exactness in outcomes, not probability or randomness. Quantum mechanics says particles can, according to our frame of reference, be in two or more places at once. This frame of reference is necessarily restricted to our present understanding of quantum mechanics which Albert Einstein and his colleagues claimed to be incomplete. Hidden Variables are presently hypothetical factors based on the belief that the theory of quantum mechanics is incomplete. Their identification would lead to exact predictions, not just probabilities, for the outcomes of measurements. Albert Einstein is the most famous proponent of hidden variables. Their existence would vindicate his belief that quantum mechanics is lacking something. It’s proposed here that electronics’ binary digits (1’s and 0’s) are those hidden variables. Despite Bell’s theorem and the more recent Pusey–Barrett–Rudolph theorem, hidden variables can be a valid theory since the following boxed explanation of unification of all time periods allows the existence of both “retarded” waves going forwards in time and the disfavoured “advanced” waves travelling back in time and this permits quantum entanglement of every form of mass if, as shown, gravitational waves interacting with electromagnetic waves is responsible for production of mass. The misperception that the universe is expanding is accounted for by retarded/advanced shift.
The nondeterministic character of quantum measurement can, and should, be taken to imply a deeper 'hidden variable' description of a system, which reproduces quantum theory when the unknown values of the variables are marginalised over. Differences in measurements on identically prepared systems then represent differences in the hidden variables of the systems. Not to seek the hidden variables, as the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics arbitrarily instructs, is to give up all hope of improvement in advance, and is contrary to the purposes of science. Correspondingly, it can never be proven that hidden variables don't exist; the most that can be done is to place hypothetical restrictions on them and prove that the resulting theory cannot be marginalised into quantum theory - implying that the hidden variables violate the restriction. The best known example is Bell's theorem, which rules out all local hidden-variable theories and explains why the variables are so coy: it is not easy to isolate and influence something nonlocal. A promising way forward is to proceed from the Dirac theory of the electron in its natural, geometric language of Clifford algebra. This approach, due to Hestenes, suggests that the free electron is in fact a massless point particle executing zitterbewegung at the speed of light, with radius the electron Compton wavelength. This proposal improves the correspondence of the physics with the formalism and resolves many paradoxes; it also hints that the hidden variables are concerned with those parameters needed to define the electron orbit completely. These ideas all represent a demystification of quantum theory. In the 19th century, microscopes advanced to the point at which a new phenomenon, today called Brownian motion after its chronicler, could be seen. The small particles, newly made visible ('dust' particles), were observed to jiggle around in a manner the scientists could not predict, for no apparent reason. Motion of any individual dust particle could not be predicted; however, statistical details of the motion, such as the average (drift) velocity or the mean square velocity, were reproducible. The scientists of the day, probably without realising it, made an assumption: that there was a reason for the jiggling, and that if they could find this, they could predict the precise motion of individual dust particles. They never said Maybe the dust particles just behave like that and there isn't a why; maybe we can go no further and this is the end of the line. 79
More than a hundred years ago, a series of discoveries, especially in physics, began to subtly (or maybe not) reveal some mysterious properties of matter, properties that in some fashion or other were not acceptable to our established way of perceiving Reality. Strangely enough, these properties were not taken seriously by science because they pointed to a reality that seemed too fantastical to be true, a reality that seemed to have no substance or permanence. These so called mysterious properties matter, for lack of a better word, turn out to be fundamentally related to the following discoveries: The ambiguous wave-particle duality. As in de Broglie matter-waves and the Compton properties of particles. The ubiquitous appearance of the cycle constant (τ=2π=C⁄r) in physical mathematical relations. The general applicability of the Fourier Transform to represent/model physical motion and other natural processes. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and its mysterious constraint between conjugate variables, momentum and position for example. Quantum Mechanics and its collapse of the wavefunction. The surprising mass-energy equivalence. As in Einstein’s E=mc^2. The perplexing isotropy of the speed of light. The mind boggling time dilation and length contraction of Einstein’s Special Relativity (SR). The contradictory fabric of SR/GR’s spacetime and its assignment of properties to the void. The surprisingly discrete nature of atomic properties. As in Quantum Mechanics (QM). Needless to say, no matter what science has tried in order to fit the above discoveries into our physical world, their implications continue to elude an intuitively acceptable explanation in material terms. This monograph, although not necessarily in chronological order, is a recapitulation of previous monographs written by the author in an attempt at a single-source theoretical explanation/clarification for the above mentioned list of “mysterious” properties of matter, in terms of one fundamental set of properties, the motional geometry of matter.
1124 NOTICES OF THE AMS VOLUME 45, NUMBER 9 I n the twentieth century, the quest for deeper understanding of the laws of nature has largely revolved around the development of two great theories: namely, general relativity and quantum mechanics. General relativity is, of course, Einstein’s theory according to which gravitation results from the curvature of space and time; the mathematical framework is that of Riemannian geometry. While previously spacetime was understood as a fixed arena, given ab initio, in which physics unfolds, in general relativity spacetime evolves dynamically, according to the Einstein equations. Part of the problem of physics, according to this theory, is to determine, given the initial conditions as input, how spacetime will develop in the future. The influence of general relativity in twentiethcentury mathematics has been clear enough. Learning that Riemannian geometry is so central in physics gave a big boost to its growth as a mathematical subject; it developed into one of the most fruitful branches of mathematics, with applications in many other areas. While in physics general relativity is used to understand the behavior of astronomical bodies and the universe as a whole, quantum mechanics is used primarily to understand atoms, molecules, and subatomic particles. Quantum theory has had a much more complex history than general relativity, and in some sense most of its influence on mathematics belongs to the twenty-first century. The quantum theory of particles—which is more commonly called nonrelativistic quantum mechanics—was put in its modern form by 1925 and has greatly influenced the development of functional analysis, and other areas. But the deeper part of quantum theory is the quantum theory of fields, which arises when one tries to combine quantum mechanics with special relativity (the precursor of general relativity, in which the speed of light is the same in every inertial frame but spacetime is still flat and given ab initio). This much more difficult theory, developed from the late 1920s to the present, encompasses most of what we know of the laws of physics, except gravity. In its seventy years there have been many milestones, ranging from the theory of “antimatter”, which emerged around 1930, to a more precise description of atoms, which quantum field theory provided by 1950, to the “standard model of particle physics” (governing the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions), which emerged by the early 1970s, to new predictions in our own time that one hopes to test in present and future accelerators. Quantum field theory is a very rich subject for mathematics as well as physics. But its development in the last seventy years has been mainly by physicists, and it is still largely out of reach as a rigorous mathematical theory despite important efforts in constructive field theory. So most of its impact on mathematics has not yet been felt. Yet in many active areas of mathematics, problems are Edward Witten is professor of physics at the Institute for Advanced Study. His e-mail address is witten@ias.edu.
This year we celebrate 100 years of quantum mechanics (QM). Incorrect interpretations of QM and incorrect mental models of the invisible details of quantum phenomena lead to paradoxes. To explain these, we advocate the statistical contextual interpretation (SCI) of quantum mechanics. State vectors (wave functions) and various operators are purely mathematical entities that permit quantitative probabilistic predictions. “State vector” describes an ensemble of identically prepared physical systems, and a specific “operator” represents a class of equivalent measurements of a physical observable. A collapse of wavefunction is not a mysterious and instantaneous physical process; a collapsed quantum state describes a new ensemble of physical systems prepared in a particular way. A value of a physical observable, such as a spin projection, associated with a pure quantum ensemble is a characteristic of this ensemble created by its interaction with measuring instruments. Probabilities are objective properties of random experiments in which empirical frequencies stabilize. Following Einstein, SCI rejects the claim that QM provides a complete description of individual physical systems, but it remains agnostic about whether a more detailed subquantum description can be found or is necessary. In conformity with Bohr contextuality, SCI rejects Bell-local and Bell-causal hidden variable models. Nevertheless, by incorporating into a probabilistic model contextual hidden variable measuring instruments, long distance quantum correlations studied in Bell tests can be explained without evoking quantum nonlocality or retro-causality. SCI allows the explanation of several quantum phenomena without evoking quantum magic. SCI does not claim to provide a complete description of quantum phenomena; in fact, it is unknown whether quantum probabilities even provide a complete description of existing experimental data. Time series of experimental data may contain much more information than is obtained using empirical frequencies and histograms. Therefore, predictable completeness of QM must be tested and not taken for granted.
A new foundational physics is emerging which radically changes our concepts of electromagnetic waves. The original quantum ideas of Max Planck and Albert Einstein from the turn of the twentieth century, are undergoing an impressive renaissance now at the turn of the twenty-first century. The result is a fundamental physics of electromagnetic waves that is both new and classical. Einstein’s insistence that quantum mechanics was incomplete that “hidden variables” were yet to be discovered was correct. The recent discovery of those variables is the driving force behind this rebirth of the foundations of quantum mechanics and the fundamental physics of electromagnetic (“EM”) waves. The new quantum variables have led to the discovery of new universal constants for EM waves. The new constants have revealed an elegant simplicity in quantum concepts, that requires no paradoxical explanations and imposes no uncertainties or limits. Instead, the new physics provides a more realistic understanding of physical concepts related to EM waves. The old paradigm is disappearing, and yielding to a new paradigm which is both more understandable and more powerful.
Re-examination of the work of Max Karl Planck has revealed hidden variables in his famous quantum work, consistent with Einstein's famous sentiment that quantum mechanics is incomplete due to the existence of "hidden variables". The recent discovery of these previously hidden variables, which have been missing from the foundational equations of quantum theory for more than one hundred years, has important implications for all the sciences as well as for understanding the interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Planck's quantum formula, E = hν, is missing the variable for measurement time. Planck had included the missing time variable in his earlier electromagnetic work, but omitted it in his famous work that sparked the quantum revolution. Restoration of measurement time to Planck's quantum formula produces the more complete, E = h~ ν t. The numerical value Planck calculated for his action constant "h" takes on new meaning as an energy constant "h~" for light. Planck's energy constant is the mean energy of a single oscillation of light, namely 6.626 X 10-34 J/oscillation. The mean oscillation energy of light is constant, and does not vary with frequency or wavelength. The photon, as historically defined, is a time dependent packet of energy, based on the arbitrary measurement time of one second. An arbitrary, one second increment of energy cannot be a truly indivisible and elementary particle of nature. Omission of the time variable from Planck's quantum formula contributed to numerous paradoxes in quantum mechanics, such as uncertainty relating to formulations involving time, wave-particle duality, the need for normalization of wave functions, lack of dimensions for the fine structure constant, and irreconcilability of quantum mechanics and general relativity (Einstein's gravitational theory). Many of these paradoxes are simplified or eliminated altogether with a re-interpretation of quantum mechanics with Planck's hidden time variable and energy constant.