Quantum Computing demonstrates potential exponential speedup over classical computing in a plethora of tasks including chemistry simulation, linear algebra, and large integer factorization. Machine learning is one such popular application that benefits from this advantage of quantum computers to facilitate speedup. However, due to the inherent noise in quantum computers, machine learning algorithms encounter problems relating to fidelity and accuracy. Existing research has addressed these issues pertaining to the unreliable execution of machine learning models in noisy quantum computers. In this paper, we explore the effects of noise in quantum machine learning and demonstrate approaches to mitigate this issue.
Quantum Computing demonstrates potential exponential speedup over classical computing in a plethora of tasks including chemistry simulation, linear algebra, and large integer factorization. Machine learning is one such popular application that benefits from this advantage of quantum computers to facilitate speedup. However, due to the inherent noise in quantum computers, machine learning algorithms encounter problems relating to fidelity and accuracy. Existing research has addressed these issues pertaining to the unreliable execution of machine learning models in noisy quantum computers. In this paper, we explore the effects of noise in quantum machine learning and demonstrate approaches to mitigate this issue.
Quantum Machine Learning represents a paradigm shift at the intersection of Quantum Computing and Machine Learning, leveraging quantum phenomena such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum parallelism to address the limitations of classical approaches in processing high-dimensional and large-scale datasets. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of Quantum Machine Learning, detailing foundational concepts, algorithmic advancements, and their applications across domains such as healthcare, finance, and quantum chemistry. Key techniques, including Quantum Support Vector Machine, Quantum Neural Network, Quantum Decision Trees, and hybrid quantum-classical models, are explored with a focus on their theoretical foundations, computational benefits, and comparative performance against classical counterparts. While the potential for exponential speedups and enhanced efficiency is evident, the field faces significant challenges, including hardware constraints, noise, and limited qubit coherence in the current era of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum devices. Emerging solutions, such as error mitigation techniques, hybrid frameworks, and advancements in quantum hardware, are discussed as critical enablers for scalable and fault-tolerant Quantum Machine Learning systems. By synthesizing state-of-the-art developments and identifying research gaps, this survey aims to provide a foundational resource for advancing Quantum Machine Learning toward practical, real-world applications in tackling computationally intensive problems.
Quantum machine learning (QML) holds significant promise for accelerating and enhancing machine learning tasks. However, the inherent fragility of quantum systems to noise poses a substantial challenge to the successful implementation of QML algorithms. This paper investigates and proposes novel noise optimization strategies specifically tailored for QML. The core claim is to design a strategy capable of effectively handling noise within QML algorithms, ultimately boosting model training accuracy and robustness. The proposed mechanism leverages either the quantum decoherence principle to suppress noise or quantum entanglement mechanisms to mitigate its effects. We explore various approaches, focusing on adaptive noise mitigation techniques and incorporating error correction methodologies within the quantum computation framework. The presented framework aims to improve the reliability of QML algorithms and contribute to the development of practical, robust quantum machine learning systems. The research addresses a critical gap in the field by offering a systematic approach to noise management in QML, a crucial step towards realizing the full potential of this technology. The ultimate goal is to demonstrate that, with appropriate noise optimization, QML algorithms can achieve performance comparable to, or exceeding, classical machine learning algorithms.
Machine Learning (ML) has been extensively utilized in various scientific and engineering domains. But the inherent constraints and computational complexity that arise in classical machine learning are particularly evident when dealing with large-scale, high-dimensional datasets or when attempting to solve intricate optimisation problems. Quantum systems exhibit unconventional patterns that are typically not effectively generated by traditional systems and can also tackle high dimensional and large size datasets efficiently. Therefore, it is believed that quantum computing systems may outperform traditional computing devices in machine learning tasks. Quantum Machine Learning (QML) has emerged as a rapidly developing field that combines the concepts of quantum mechanics and machine learning to solve complex problems across various disciplines. The domain of quantum machine learning investigates the development and execution of quantum software with the potential to facilitate machine learning at a much superior pace compared to traditional computers. However, the major challenges encountered are hardware limitations, noise, and development of quantum algorithms. The objective of this paper is to provide an insight on the foundational principles, essential algorithms, various associated platforms, potential applications and challenges being faced by QML. As data continues to grow in size and complexity, together with the emergence of nonlinear and high-dimensional real-world situations, the computing benefits offered by QML have the potential to facilitate significant advancements in the fields of healthcare, finance, robotics, logistics, communication, and cyber security. This paper presents the basis for future research work related to development of quantum algorithms in the domain of machine learning.
Machine Learning (ML) has changed the way computers work by letting them learn from data and make smart choices. However, traditional ML techniques encounter scalability and efficiency constraints as datasets get larger and computational problems become more complicated[1]. These restrictions could be circumvented by the new paradigms that quantum computing offers by using entanglement and superposition [2], [3]. The combination of the Quantum computing with the Machine Learning is called the Quantum Machine Learning(QML), offers efficiency improvements, new algorithmic opportunities, and speedups in certain linear algebraic operations. So, this review dives deeply into quantum-classical algorithms, with a particular emphasis on the approaches like quantum neural network and quantum support vector machines. We examine computational complexity, architectural design, benchmarking findings, and real-world applications (such as optimization, cryptography, and classification). We also discuss important issues including scalability, data encoding, and noise, and we suggest future paths for error prevention and scalable structures.
Quantum computers acting as ML accelerators have attracted considerable interest as a promising avenue for addressing the limitations of classical computing confronted with solving complex, high-dimensional problems and handling large data sets. The most exciting aspect of quantum computing lies in its quantum advantage via techniques such as quantum parallelism, superposition, and entanglement which allows not only for rapid data processing, but also a means to resolve complex optimization problems beyond the capacity of classical algorithms. Nevertheless, the usage of quantum computing in machine learning is still a fledgling domain, with challenges concerning quantum noise, hardware restrictions, and algorithmic development. In particular, this research is concerned with the development of and study on hybrid quantum-classical algorithms that target to improve ML models in terms of computational capabilities by making use of the best of both worlds. To address this, researchers are developing hybrid algorithms that leverage the strengths of quantum computing for specific tasks, like optimization and pattern recognition, while still relying on classical computing for more flexible and larger-scale processing, ultimately achieving more efficient machine learning systems that can handle large datasets and complex problem-solving more effectively. It includes potential hybrid approaches like quantum-enhanced optimization algorithms, quantum neural networks, and quantum support vector machines, and examines how such algorithms can be used for practical ML problems including data classification, regression and clustering. Furthermore, the paper proposes that hybrid quantum algorithms offer several advantages over their classical counterparts, such as faster convergence rates, higher accuracy in high-dimensional spaces, and improved handling of non-linear and complex problem landscapes. Key advancements in the area of data processing speed and efficiency in problem-solving with and without quantum in the machine learning workflow are also highlighted in the research through comparative analysis and simulation studies. Lastly, the paper concludes by outlining the obstacles yet to be surmounted and the opportunities that lie ahead for hybrid quantum-classical algorithms, such as further improvement of quantum hardware and error mitigation methods, as well as the design of new algorithmic paradigms that seamlessly integrates the classical and quantum computing spaces.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing hardware and software has ushered in a new era for computational science, promising to tackle problems that are intractable for classical computers. Parallelly, machine learning (ML) has revolutionized data analysis and artificial intelligence. The confluence of these two fields, known as Quantum Machine Learning (QML), aims to harness the principles of quantum mechanics-such as superposition, entanglement, and interference-to enhance and redefine classical machine learning algorithms. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the burgeoning field of QML. We begin by elucidating the fundamental quantum concepts that underpin QML approaches. We then present a detailed taxonomy and analysis of prominent QML algorithms, categorizing them into quantum-enhanced classical models and fully quantum models. Key families of algorithms discussed include Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVM), Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs), and Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks (QGANs). For each, we explain the theoretical quantum advantage, the circuit implementation, and the current limitations. Furthermore, we delve into the critical challenges facing the practical realization of QML, including the pervasive issue of noise in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, the problem of barren plateaus in training quantum circuits, and the complexities of efficient data encoding (quantum feature maps). We also present a small-scale experimental simulation of a variational quantum classifier on a standardized dataset, demonstrating its principle and comparing its performance with a classical counterpart. Finally, the paper discusses the future trajectory of QML, highlighting the importance of error mitigation, hybrid quantum-classical architectures, and the development of quantum-specific learning inductive biases. We conclude that while fault-tolerant quantum computers remain on the horizon, QML represents a paradigm shift with the potential to deliver profound computational advantages in the coming decades.