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Modern Physics Letters A

Improvements on new quantum key agreement protocol with five-qubit Brown states

Faten Khalid Karim, Hussein Abulkasim, Eatedal A. Alabdulkreem, Nada Mohamed Osman Sid Ahmed, Mona Mamdouh Jamjoom, Safia Abbas

Published Jun 28, 2022• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently, Cao et al. [Mod. Phys. Lett. A 34, 1950332 (2019)] presented a two-party quantum key agreement scheme using the five-qubit Brown states and the decoy protocol. They also extended their scheme to the multiparty case, and it was compared with existing works. The authors also introduced the security analysis that proves the security of their protocol against outsider and insider attacks. However, this work shows that the quantum Cao et al. [Mod. Phys. Lett. A 34, 1950332 (2019)] protocol fails to fulfill one of the most significant conditions of the quantum key agreement, which is fairness. The computed final key by the users does not have the same level of security, and the protection of users’ private data is not maintained equally. Finally, an improved version of Cao et al.’s protocol has been suggested.

DOI
10.1142/s0217732322501280

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Recently, Cao et al. [Mod. Phys. Lett. A 34, 1950332 (2019)] presented a two-party quantum key agreement scheme using the five-qubit Brown states and the decoy protocol. They also extended their scheme to the multiparty case, and it was compared with existing works. The authors also introduced the security analysis that proves the security of their protocol against outsider and insider attacks. However, this work shows that the quantum Cao et al. [Mod. Phys. Lett. A 34, 1950332 (2019)] protocol fails to fulfill one of the most significant conditions of the quantum key agreement, which is fairness. The computed final key by the users does not have the same level of security, and the protection of users’ private data is not maintained equally. Finally, an improved version of Cao et al.’s protocol has been suggested.
Quantum key agreement is a promising key establishing protocol that can play a significant role in securing 5G/6G communication networks. Recently, Liu et al. (Quantum Information Processing 18(8):1-10, 2019) proposed a multi-party quantum key agreement protocol based on four-qubit cluster states was proposed. The aim of their protocol is to agree on a shared secret key among multiple remote participants. Liu et al. employed four-qubit cluster states to be the quantum resources and the X operation to securely share a secret key. In addition, Liu et al.'s protocol guarantees that each participant makes an equal contribution to the final key. The authors also claimed that the proposed protocol is secure against participant attack and dishonest participants cannot generate the final shared key alone. However, we show here that Liu et al. protocol is insecure against a collusive attack, where dishonest participants can retrieve the private inputs of a trustworthy participant without being caught. Additionally, the corresponding modifications are presented to address these security flaws in Liu et al.'s protocol.
Abstract:In order to solve the problem that the multi-particle joint measurements are difficult to implement with the existing technology in the quantum key agreement protocols based on multi-particle entangled states , a new two-party quantum key agreement protocol was proposed based on three-particle GHZ states. Two participants in the protocol could fairly establish a shared secret key by using the measurement correlation property of three-particle GHZ states and the delayed measurement technique. Since the new protocol only used Bell measurements and single particle measurements, it was easy to achieve on the basis of the existing technology. The security analysis showed that the protocol could not only resist against participant attacks and outsider attacks, but also resist against two kinds of Trojan horse attacks. The protocol was secure not only in the noise-free quantum channel but also in the quantum noise channel. Finally, the comparison with the existed secure two-party protocols showed that the protocol also achieved higher qubit efficiency.
Ji et al. [Mod. Phys. Lett. A 34, 1950229 (2019)] and Fan et al. [Mod. Phys. Lett. A 37, 2250026 (2022)] proposed two-party quantum private comparison (QPC) protocols based on 7-qubit and 8-qubit states, respectively. However, these two QPC protocols did not consider third-party (TP) attacks. Therefore, this study focuses on TP attacks and demonstrates that the property of a 7-qubit or 8-qubit entanglement state is useless in this attack situation; that is, the participant wastes resources to maintain the qubits. For the same assumption environment proposed by Ji et al. and Fan et al., this study proposes an improvement and simplification protocol that allows participants to reach the goal of private comparison by using only classical computation and the classical communication channel without any entanglement state.
A two-party quantum key agreement protocol is proposed with five-particle entangled states and the delayed measurement technique. According to the measurement correlation property of five-particle entangled states, two participants can deduce the measurement results of each other’s initial quantum states. As a result, two parties can extract the secret keys of each other by using the publicly announced value or by performing the delayed measurement, respectively. Thus, a shared key is fairly established. Since each particle is transmitted only once in quantum channel, the protocol is congenitally free from the Trojan horse attacks. It is shown that the protocol not only is secure against both participant and outsider attacks but also has no information leakage problem. Moreover, it has high qubit efficiency.
Recently, a mutual semi-quantum key agreement protocol using Bell states is proposed by Yan et al. (Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 34, 1950294, 2019). The proposed protocol tries to help a quantum participant share a key with a classical participant who just has limited quantum capacities. Yan et al. claimed that both the participants have the same influence on the final shared key. However, this study points out that the classical participant can manipulate the final shared key by himself/herself without being detected. To solve this problem, an improved method is proposed here.