Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Demonstration of Generalised Multi-path Wave-particle Duality on a Quantum Photonic Chip

Xiaojiong Chen, Yaohao Deng, Shuheng Liu, Tanumoy Pramanik, Jun Mao, Jueming Bao, Chonghao Zhai, Tianxiang Dai, Huihong Yuan, Jiajie Guo, Shao-Ming Fei, Marcus Huber, Bo Tang, Yan Yang, Zhihua Li, Qiongyi He, Qihuang Gong, Jianwei Wang

Published Jan 1, 2022• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We report the multi-path delayed-choice experiment on a large-scale integrated silicon photonic chip. Wave- and particle-nature in generalised form are characterised experimentally and the generalisation of Bohr’s multi-path duality relation is demonstrated.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2022.fth5o.7

Related papers

A generalised multipath delayed-choice experiment on a large-scale quantum nanophotonic chip

Xiaojiong Chen, Yaohao Deng, Shuheng Liu +15 more

Bohr’s complementarity is one central tenet of quantum physics. The paradoxical wave-particle duality of quantum matters and photons has been tested in Young’s double-slit (double-path) interferometers. The object exclusively exhibits wave and particle nature, depending measurement apparatus that can be delayed chosen to rule out too-naive interpretations of quantum complementarity. All experiments to date have been implemented in the double-path framework, while it is of fundamental interests to study complementarity in multipath interferometric systems. Here we demonstrate generalised multipath wave-particle duality in a quantum delayed-choice experiment, implemented by large-scale silicon-integrated multipath interferometers. Single-photon displays sophisticated transitions between wave and particle characters, determined by the choice of quantum-controlled generalised Hadamard operations. We characterise particle-nature by multimode which-path information and wave-nature by multipath coherence of interference, and demonstrate the generalisation of Bohr’s multipath duality relation. Our work provides deep insights into multidimensional quantum physics and benchmarks controllability of integrated photonic quantum technology.

SPIE Conference on Quantum and Nonlinear Optics•Oct 8, 2021•0 citations

A generalized multipath delayed-choice experiment on a large-scale quantum nanophotonic chip

Xiaojiong Chen, Yaohao Deng, Shuheng Liu +15 more

Abstract Bohr’s complementarity is one central tenet of quantum physics. The paradoxical wave-particle duality of quantum matters and photons has been tested in Young’s double-slit (double-path) interferometers. The object exclusively exhibits wave and particle nature, depending measurement apparatus that can be delayed chosen to rule out too-naive interpretations of quantum complementarity. All experiments to date have been implemented in the double-path framework, while it is of fundamental interest to study complementarity in multipath interferometric systems. Here, we demonstrate generalized multipath wave-particle duality in a quantum delayed-choice experiment, implemented by large-scale silicon-integrated multipath interferometers. Single-photon displays sophisticated transitions between wave and particle characters, determined by the choice of quantum-controlled generalized Hadamard operations. We characterise particle-nature by multimode which-path information and wave-nature by multipath coherence of interference, and demonstrate the generalisation of Bohr’s multipath duality relation. Our work provides deep insights into multidimensional quantum physics and benchmarks controllability of integrated photonic quantum technology.

•Jan 1, 2021•30 citations

A generalized multipath delayed-choice experiment on a large-scale quantum nanophotonic chip

Xiaojiong Chen, Yaohao Deng, Shuheng Liu +15 more

Bohr's complementarity is one central tenet of quantum physics. The paradoxical wave-particle duality of quantum matters and photons has been tested in Young's double-slit (double-path) interferometers. The object exclusively exhibits wave and particle nature, depending measurement apparatus that can be delayed chosen to rule out too-naive interpretations of quantum complementarity. All experiments to date have been implemented in the double-path framework, while it is of fundamental interest to study complementarity in multipath interferometric systems. Here, we demonstrate generalized multipath wave-particle duality in a quantum delayed-choice experiment, implemented by large-scale silicon-integrated multipath interferometers. Single-photon displays sophisticated transitions between wave and particle characters, determined by the choice of quantum-controlled generalized Hadamard operations. We characterise particle-nature by multimode which-path information and wave-nature by multipath coherence of interference, and demonstrate the generalisation of Bohr's multipath duality relation. Our work provides deep insights into multidimensional quantum physics and benchmarks controllability of integrated photonic quantum technology.

arXiv:2105.05580•Nature Communications•May 7, 2021•31 citations

Demonstration of Generalized Multi-path Wave-particle Duality on a Quantum Nanophotonic Chip

Xiaojiong Chen, Yaohao Deng, Shuheng Liu +15 more

The wave-particle duality of quantum objects has been a center concept in quantum mechanics since its birth. For the two-path or two-slit experiment, the dual nature of quantum matter has been well studied in various systems. To rule out the interpretation of quanta knowing the measurement setting it will be confronted, Wheeler proposed the famous delayed-choice gedanken experiment [1] , which is an ideal platform to test the intrinsic characters of wave-particle duality. However, all these experiments to date have been focused on the two-path case.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)•Jun 21, 2021•0 citations

Wave-particle duality in orbital angular momentum-based quantum delayed-choice experiment

Da-Wei Lyu, Qian-ke Wang, Jun Liu +1 more

Wave-particle duality is a foundational feature of quantum mechanics and can be demonstrated via delayed-choice and quantum delayed-choice (QDC) experiments. Photon-based implementations commonly rely on polarization or path degrees of freedom (DoFs), but these approaches present limitations: polarization is restricted to two dimensions, and the path-based schemes, although scalable, face increasing challenges in optical complexity and interferometric stability as the dimensionality grows. Here, we present a scalable QDC scheme leveraging the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons that overcomes these limitations. Instead of directly encoding paths in OAM states, we encode qubits in subsystems of the OAM DoF—specifically its signs and amplitudes—and realize a controlled-Hadamard gate with 98.73(2)% fidelity on these qubits using a diffractive neural network. This allows us to demonstrate the QDC experiment within the OAM subsystems and observe interference transitions between wave-like and particle-like behaviors in the space structured by these subsystems, with fidelities exceeding 99%. Our results show that wave-particle duality extends beyond intrinsic DoFs to qubits encoded in internal substructures of those DoFs, offering a broader perspective on the fundamental nature of quantum behavior.

Advanced Photonics•Jun 18, 2026•0 citations

Multipath wave-particle duality with a path detector in a quantum superposition

Mohd Asad Siddiqui, Tabish Qureshi

According to Bohr's principle of complementarity, a quanton can behave either as a wave or a particle, depending on the choice of the experimental setup. Some recent two-path interference experiments have devised methods where one can have a quantum superposition of the two choices, thus indicating that a quanton may be in a superposition of wave and particle natures. These experiments have been of interest from the point of view of Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment. However, it has also been claimed that this experiment can violate complementarity. Here we theoretically analyze a multipath interference experiment that has a which-path detector in a quantum superposition of being present and absent. We show that a tight multipath wave-particle duality relation is respected in all such situations, and complementarity holds well. The apparent violation of complementarity may be due to incorrect evaluation of path distinguishability in such scenarios.

arXiv:2010.15719•Physical Review A•Feb 22, 2021•8 citations
Bohr’s complementarity is one central tenet of quantum physics. The paradoxical wave-particle duality of quantum matters and photons has been tested in Young’s double-slit (double-path) interferometers. The object exclusively exhibits wave and particle nature, depending measurement apparatus that can be delayed chosen to rule out too-naive interpretations of quantum complementarity. All experiments to date have been implemented in the double-path framework, while it is of fundamental interests to study complementarity in multipath interferometric systems. Here we demonstrate generalised multipath wave-particle duality in a quantum delayed-choice experiment, implemented by large-scale silicon-integrated multipath interferometers. Single-photon displays sophisticated transitions between wave and particle characters, determined by the choice of quantum-controlled generalised Hadamard operations. We characterise particle-nature by multimode which-path information and wave-nature by multipath coherence of interference, and demonstrate the generalisation of Bohr’s multipath duality relation. Our work provides deep insights into multidimensional quantum physics and benchmarks controllability of integrated photonic quantum technology.
Abstract Bohr’s complementarity is one central tenet of quantum physics. The paradoxical wave-particle duality of quantum matters and photons has been tested in Young’s double-slit (double-path) interferometers. The object exclusively exhibits wave and particle nature, depending measurement apparatus that can be delayed chosen to rule out too-naive interpretations of quantum complementarity. All experiments to date have been implemented in the double-path framework, while it is of fundamental interest to study complementarity in multipath interferometric systems. Here, we demonstrate generalized multipath wave-particle duality in a quantum delayed-choice experiment, implemented by large-scale silicon-integrated multipath interferometers. Single-photon displays sophisticated transitions between wave and particle characters, determined by the choice of quantum-controlled generalized Hadamard operations. We characterise particle-nature by multimode which-path information and wave-nature by multipath coherence of interference, and demonstrate the generalisation of Bohr’s multipath duality relation. Our work provides deep insights into multidimensional quantum physics and benchmarks controllability of integrated photonic quantum technology.
Bohr's complementarity is one central tenet of quantum physics. The paradoxical wave-particle duality of quantum matters and photons has been tested in Young's double-slit (double-path) interferometers. The object exclusively exhibits wave and particle nature, depending measurement apparatus that can be delayed chosen to rule out too-naive interpretations of quantum complementarity. All experiments to date have been implemented in the double-path framework, while it is of fundamental interest to study complementarity in multipath interferometric systems. Here, we demonstrate generalized multipath wave-particle duality in a quantum delayed-choice experiment, implemented by large-scale silicon-integrated multipath interferometers. Single-photon displays sophisticated transitions between wave and particle characters, determined by the choice of quantum-controlled generalized Hadamard operations. We characterise particle-nature by multimode which-path information and wave-nature by multipath coherence of interference, and demonstrate the generalisation of Bohr's multipath duality relation. Our work provides deep insights into multidimensional quantum physics and benchmarks controllability of integrated photonic quantum technology.
The wave-particle duality of quantum objects has been a center concept in quantum mechanics since its birth. For the two-path or two-slit experiment, the dual nature of quantum matter has been well studied in various systems. To rule out the interpretation of quanta knowing the measurement setting it will be confronted, Wheeler proposed the famous delayed-choice gedanken experiment [1] , which is an ideal platform to test the intrinsic characters of wave-particle duality. However, all these experiments to date have been focused on the two-path case.
Wave-particle duality is a foundational feature of quantum mechanics and can be demonstrated via delayed-choice and quantum delayed-choice (QDC) experiments. Photon-based implementations commonly rely on polarization or path degrees of freedom (DoFs), but these approaches present limitations: polarization is restricted to two dimensions, and the path-based schemes, although scalable, face increasing challenges in optical complexity and interferometric stability as the dimensionality grows. Here, we present a scalable QDC scheme leveraging the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons that overcomes these limitations. Instead of directly encoding paths in OAM states, we encode qubits in subsystems of the OAM DoF—specifically its signs and amplitudes—and realize a controlled-Hadamard gate with 98.73(2)% fidelity on these qubits using a diffractive neural network. This allows us to demonstrate the QDC experiment within the OAM subsystems and observe interference transitions between wave-like and particle-like behaviors in the space structured by these subsystems, with fidelities exceeding 99%. Our results show that wave-particle duality extends beyond intrinsic DoFs to qubits encoded in internal substructures of those DoFs, offering a broader perspective on the fundamental nature of quantum behavior.
According to Bohr's principle of complementarity, a quanton can behave either as a wave or a particle, depending on the choice of the experimental setup. Some recent two-path interference experiments have devised methods where one can have a quantum superposition of the two choices, thus indicating that a quanton may be in a superposition of wave and particle natures. These experiments have been of interest from the point of view of Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment. However, it has also been claimed that this experiment can violate complementarity. Here we theoretically analyze a multipath interference experiment that has a which-path detector in a quantum superposition of being present and absent. We show that a tight multipath wave-particle duality relation is respected in all such situations, and complementarity holds well. The apparent violation of complementarity may be due to incorrect evaluation of path distinguishability in such scenarios.