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Chinese Physics B

Experimental realization of two-dimensional single-layer ultracold gases of 87Rb in an accordion lattice

Liangwei Wang, Kai Wen, Fangde Liu, Yunda Li, Pengjun Wang, Lianghui Huang, Liangchao Chen, Wei Han, Zengming Meng, Jing Zhang

Published Aug 5, 2022• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally realize two-dimensional (2D) single-layer ultracold gases of 87Rb by dynamically tuning the periodicity of a standing wave, known as accordion lattice. In order to load 87Rb Bose–Einstein condensate into single dark fringe node of the blue detuning optical lattice, we reduce the lattice periodicity from 26.7 μm to 3.5 μm with the help of an acousto-optic deflector (AOD) to compress the three-dimensional BEC adiabatically into a flat and uniform quasi-2D single-layer. We describe the experimental procedure of the atoms loading into the accordion lattice in detail and present the characteristics of the quasi-2D ultracold gases. This setup provides an important platform for studying in- and out-of equilibrium physics, phase transition and 2D topological matter.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/ac873c

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We experimentally realize two-dimensional (2D) single-layer ultracold gases of 87Rb by dynamically tuning the periodicity of a standing wave, known as accordion lattice. In order to load 87Rb Bose–Einstein condensate into single dark fringe node of the blue detuning optical lattice, we reduce the lattice periodicity from 26.7 μm to 3.5 μm with the help of an acousto-optic deflector (AOD) to compress the three-dimensional BEC adiabatically into a flat and uniform quasi-2D single-layer. We describe the experimental procedure of the atoms loading into the accordion lattice in detail and present the characteristics of the quasi-2D ultracold gases. This setup provides an important platform for studying in- and out-of equilibrium physics, phase transition and 2D topological matter.
The experimental realization of two-dimensional (2D) Bose gases with a tunable interaction strength is an important challenge for the study of ultracold quantum matter. Here we report on the realization of an optical accordion creating a lattice potential with a spacing that can be dynamically tuned between 11 and 2 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. We show that we can load ultracold 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms into a single node of this optical lattice in the large spacing configuration and then decrease nearly adiabatically the spacing to reach a strong harmonic confinement with frequencies larger than ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{z}/2\ensuremath{\pi}=10$ kHz. Atoms are trapped in an additional flat-bottom in-plane potential that is shaped with a high resolution. By combining these tools we create custom-shaped uniform 2D Bose gases with tunable confinement along the transverse direction and hence with a tunable interaction strength.
The experimental realization of 2D Bose gases with a tunable interaction strength is an important challenge for the study of ultracold quantum matter. Here we report on the realization of an optical accordion creating a lattice potential with a spacing that can be dynamically tuned between 11 μ\,\muμm and 2 μ\,\muμm. We show that we can load ultracold 87^{87}87Rb atoms into a single node of this optical lattice in the large spacing configuration and then decrease nearly adiabatically the spacing to reach a strong harmonic confinement with frequencies larger than ωz/2π=10 \omega_z/2\pi=10\,ωz​/2π=10kHz. Atoms are trapped in an additional flat-bottom in-plane potential that is shaped with a high resolution. By combining these tools we create custom-shaped uniform 2D Bose gases with tunable confinement along the transverse direction and hence with a tunable interaction strength.
This dissertation is about the physics of dilute gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) confined to lower dimensions by optical lattices. The central theme of the effects of reduced dimensionality is explored within various one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) systems. We create a 2D BEC by adiabatically increasing the confinement of a trapping potential in one direction to the point where motion in that direction is frozen out. Doing this in two directions, we create a 1D BEC. Two experiments examine the ground state properties of a 1D and 2D system. In the 1D system (Chap. 9), a reduction in three-body recombination signals an increase in correlation resulting in a partial "fermionization" of the Bose gas. In the 2D system (Chap. 8), we measure temperature-dependent condensate phase fluctuations in the vicinity of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Other experiments investigate dynamic properties of reduced dimension systems. Strongly inhibited transport of a 1D gas in a lattice is observed in one experiment (Chap. 9). Another 2D experiment measures suppressed collisional decay rates due to the reduced dimensionality (Chap. 9). A final experiment (Chap. 7) examines quantum/classical correspondence in the effectively 1D dynamics of a 3D BEC. The dynamics is effectively 1D in the sense that the experiment is over before motion in the radial directions (which are not frozen out) can occur. This dissertation also describes the design and implementation of a novel 1D "accordion lattice" (Chaps. 5-6) which greatly facilitated the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless experiment, the quantum/classical correspondence experiment, and a "superlattice" experiment conducted to assist in the calibration of the accordion lattice.
Quantum phase transition of ultracold atomic gas is one of the core contents in the study of quantum correlational many-body systems. In this paper, two-dimensional (2D) optical lattices are generated by a single fold retroreflected laser beam, and this scheme is used to experimentally design and implement the 2D optical lattice of double wells suitable for isolating and manipulating an array of individual pairs of atoms and predict a topological semimetal in the high orbital bands in this 2D lattice. Two types of optical lattice structures are produced by controlling the laser polarization. One type is the usual 2D optical lattice, which is formed by two independent one-dimensional(1D) optical lattices in two directions and named in-plane lattice, and the other type is the lattice that is formed by the interference between two one-dimensional optical lattices in two directions and called out-plane lattice. When 87Rb BEC (Bose-Einstein condensation) is loaded into the 2D optical lattice, the quantum phase transition between superfluid state and Mott insulator state is observed by controlling the tunneling and in-site interaction. And the phase transition from superfluid state to Mott insulator is judged by observing whether there are interferential lattice points in momentum space. The lattice depths of two cases can be calibrated by Kapitza-Dirac scattering in the ultracold atomic experiment through the time-of-flight absorption imaging. In the in-plane optical lattice, some incorrect points appear in the 45° direction, because the linear polarization degree of beam is impure after being reflected by mirrors and two direction of beam are not completely orthogonal to each other. It is obvious that the two cases have different phase transition points, which is due mainly to the difference in structure. For the in-plane lattice, there are two independent 1D optical lattices, and for the out-plane lattice, the two direction beams mutually interfere with each other, therefore, two optical lattices are not independent of each other. The atoms come back to BEC by reducing the potentials of optical lattice to zero; the temperature of system is slightly higher, because of the jitter of the light lattice. The different behaviors of quantum phase transition are analyzed for two types of optical lattices. This work will provide a platform for the future study of large spin system and strong correlation physics in optical lattices.
Ultracold atoms in optical lattices can be used to model condensed matter systems. They provide a clean, tuneable system which can be engineered to reach parameter regimes that are not accessible in condensed matter systems. Furthermore, they provide different techniques for probing the properties of these systems.This thesis presents an experimental and theoretical study of ultracold atoms in optical lattices for quantum simulation of two-dimensional systems.The first part of this thesis describes an experiment with a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb loaded into a two-dimensional optical lattice. The beams that generate the optical lattice are controlled by acousto-optic deflection to provide a flexible optical lattice potential. The use of a dynamic ‘accordion’ lattice with ultracold atoms, where the spacing of the lattice is increased in both directions from 2.2 to 5.5 μm, is described. This technique allows an experiment such as quantum simulations to be performed with a lattice spacing smaller than the resolution limit of the imaging system, while allowing imaging of the atoms at individual lattice sites by subsequent expansion of the optical lattice. The optical lattice can also be rotated, generating an artificial magnetic field. Previous experiments with the rotating optical lattice are summarised, and steps to reaching the strongly correlated regime are discussed.The second part of this thesis details numerical techniques that can be used to describe strongly correlated two-dimensional systems. These systems are challenging to simulate numerically, as the exponential growth in the size of the Hilbert space with the number of particles means that they can only be solved exactly for very small systems. Recently proposed correlator product states [Phys. Rev. B 80, 245116 (2009)] provide a numerically efficient description which can be used to simulate large two-dimensional systems. In this thesis we apply this method to the two-dimensional quantum Ising model, and the Bose-Hubbard model subject to an artificial magnetic field in the regime where fractional quantum Hall states are predicted to occur.
Ultracold atoms in optical lattices can be used to model condensed matter systems. They provide a clean, tuneable system which can be engineered to reach parameter regimes that are not accessible in condensed matter systems. Furthermore, they provide different techniques for probing the properties of these systems.This thesis presents an experimental and theoretical study of ultracold atoms in optical lattices for quantum simulation of two-dimensional systems.The first part of this thesis describes an experiment with a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb loaded into a two-dimensional optical lattice. The beams that generate the optical lattice are controlled by acousto-optic deflection to provide a flexible optical lattice potential. The use of a dynamic ‘accordion’ lattice with ultracold atoms, where the spacing of the lattice is increased in both directions from 2.2 to 5.5 μm, is described. This technique allows an experiment such as quantum simulations to be performed with a lattice spacing smaller than the resolution limit of the imaging system, while allowing imaging of the atoms at individual lattice sites by subsequent expansion of the optical lattice. The optical lattice can also be rotated, generating an artificial magnetic field. Previous experiments with the rotating optical lattice are summarised, and steps to reaching the strongly correlated regime are discussed.The second part of this thesis details numerical techniques that can be used to describe strongly correlated two-dimensional systems. These systems are challenging to simulate numerically, as the exponential growth in the size of the Hilbert space with the number of particles means that they can only be solved exactly for very small systems. Recently proposed correlator product states [Phys. Rev. B 80, 245116 (2009)] provide a numerically efficient description which can be used to simulate large two-dimensional systems. In this thesis we apply this method to the two-dimensional quantum Ising model, and the Bose-Hubbard model subject to an artificial magnetic field in the regime where fractional quantum Hall states are predicted to occur.