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Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition

Strolling through a NISQ processor

William J. Munro, Ming Gong, Shudi Wang, C. Zha, M.-C. Chen, He-Liang Huang, Yulin Wu, Qingling Zhu, Yaqin Zhao, Sai Li, Shaojun Guo, He Qian, Yuqing Ye, F. Chen, Chong Ying, Jintao Yu, Daojin Fan, D. Wu, Hong Te Su, H. Deng, Hao Rong, K. Zhang, Sirui Cao, Jin Lin, Yilun Xu, Lihua Sun, Chu Guo, N. Li, Futian Liang, V. M. Bastidas, Kae Nemoto, Yong-Heng Huo, Chao‐Yang Lu, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Xiaobo Zhu, Jiang Pan

Published Jan 1, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate multi-particle quantum walks on a two-dimensional NISQ superconducting processor composed of sixty-two functional qubits. Programming the processor allows us to implement a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with interacting quantum walkers coherently traversing it.
DOI
10.1364/quantum.2022.qm4a.4

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Quantum walks are a well-known powerful technique to perform quantum search algorithms, quantum simulations, and universal quantum computation. They have been extensively explored in the optical regime. In our work we have realized an 8x8 two-dimensional square superconducting qubit array with 62 functional qubits. We have used this processor to demonstrate high fidelity multi-particle quantum walks. The programmability of our processor also allows us to implement a Mach-Zehnder interferometer where quantum walkers can coherently traverse both paths of the interferometer before interfering and exiting it. Our work shows an alternate approach for information processing on these NISQ processors.
Quantum walks are the quantum mechanical analog of classical random walks and an extremely powerful tool in quantum simulations, quantum search algorithms, and even for universal quantum computing. In our work, we have designed and fabricated an 8-by-8 two-dimensional square superconducting qubit array composed of 62 functional qubits. We used this device to demonstrate high-fidelity single- and two-particle quantum walks. Furthermore, with the high programmability of the quantum processor, we implemented a Mach-Zehnder interferometer where the quantum walker coherently traverses in two paths before interfering and exiting. By tuning the disorders on the evolution paths, we observed interference fringes with single and double walkers. Our work is a milestone in the field, bringing future larger-scale quantum applications closer to realization for noisy intermediate-scale quantum processors.
Today’s noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era processors have reached an interesting stage in their development where over 50 qubits are routinely available for us. Traditionally these processors have used the gate-based model of quantum computation, however other useful models including quantum walks and analog approaches can be used. As we want versatility for our processors, we will show how they can be used to implement multi photon quantum walks as well digital-analog models for quantum discrimination. In particular we will introduce a model called quantum neural sensing where one can distinguish different states of matter with the measurement of only one qubit.
Simulation and programming of current quantum computers as Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices represent a hot topic at the border of current physical and information sciences. The quantum walk process represents a basic subroutine in many quantum algorithms and plays an important role in studying physical phenomena. Simulating quantum walk processes is computationally challenging for classical processors. With an increasing improvement in qubits fidelity and qubits number in a single register, there is a potential to improve quantum walks simulations substantially. However, efficient ways to simulate quantum walks in qubit registers still have to be explored. Here, we explore the relationship between quantum walk on graphs and quantum circuits. Firstly, we discuss ways to obtain graphs provided quantum circuit. We then explore techniques to represent quantum walk on a graph as a quantum circuit. Specifically, we study hypercube graphs and arbitrary graphs. Our approach to studying the relationship between graphs and quantum circuits paves way for the efficient implementation of quantum walks algorithms on quantum computers.
Wave--particle duality demonstrates the peculiar nature of quantum mechanics. In which-way experiments, depending on the measurement scheme, a particle exhibits either wave-like or particle-like properties, as summarized by Bohr's principle of complementarity. In this work, we implement Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometry on a two-dimensional (2D) superconducting quantum processor. With precise control of the which-way measurement strength, we demonstrate the transition of a photon from wave-like to particle-like behavior. Furthermore, by performing quantum state tomography on two qubits located in the two paths, we demonstrate that which-way measurements break the entanglement and coherence between the two paths and cause information leakage from the quantum system to the environment. To capture this behavior quantitatively, we derive complementarity relations between the entropy and the fringe visibility. By applying a continuous which-way measurement during the evolution, we also observe the quantum Zeno effect that partially obstructs the interferometer path, giving rise to nonmonotonic behavior of purity and von Neumann entropy. Our experiments provide a detailed characterization of the full interferometer dynamics, reveal the relation between wave--particle duality and quantum information, and demonstrate the potential of superconducting quantum processors for testing quantum foundations under high precision and controllability.