Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition

Scalability of Photonic Frequency Domain Processing Revealed via Spectral Hong-Ou-Mandel Effect Between Independent Single Photons

Anahita Khodadad Kashi, Michael Kues

Published Jan 1, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Scalability of frequency-encoded photonic quantum processing is demonstrated via a first-time implementation of the spectral bosonic and fermionic-like Hong-Ou-Mandel effect between independent single photons and within a reconfigurable frequency processing circuit.
DOI
10.1364/quantum.2022.qtu3b.7

Related papers

Spectral Hong–Ou–Mandel Interference between Independently Generated Single Photons for Scalable Frequency‐Domain Quantum Processing

Anahita Khodadad Kashi, Michael Kues

Abstract The photon's frequency degree of freedom, being compatible with mature telecom infrastructure, offers large potential for the stable and controllable realization of photonic quantum processing applications such as the quantum internet. The Hong–Ou–Mandel effect, as a two‐photon interference phenomenon, serves as a central building block for such frameworks. A key element yet missing to enable meaningful frequency‐based implementations as well as scalability in the number of processed photons, is the demonstration of the Hong–Ou–Mandel effect between independently created photons of different frequencies. The experimental implementation of bosonic and fermionic frequency domain Hong–Ou–Mandel interference between independently generated single photons is reported here, with measured visibilities of 74.31% ± 3.56% and 86.44% ± 8.27%, respectively. This is achieved through a scalable photonic frequency circuit that creates two post‐selected pure single photons, which undergo frequency mixing at an electro‐optic phase modulator. The system is on‐the‐fly reconfigurable allowing to probe bosonic and fermionic Hong–Ou–Mandel interference in the same experimental setup. The work demonstrates the versatility of frequency domain processing and its scalability toward higher photon numbers, which enables new quantum gate concepts as well as the establishment of frequency‐based large‐scale quantum networks.

Laser & Photonics Review•Mar 18, 2021•24 citations

Enabling Scalability of Photonic Frequency-Domain Quantum Processing

Anahita Khodadad Kashi, Michael Kues

Via a reconfigurable photonic frequency circuit, we show spectral bosonic and fermionic Houng-Ou-Mandel interference between independently created pure single photons, demonstrating photon number scalability and versatility of the frequency processing approach.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Jan 1, 2021•0 citations

Spectral Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference Between Independently Generated Single Photons for Scalable Frequency-Domain Quantum Processing

Anahita Khodadad Kashi, Michael Kues

The frequency degree-of-freedom, being compatible with well-developed omnipresent optical telecommunication infrastructure, allows for stable, controllable and scalable encoding of quantum information [1] . The HOM effect between independent photons, as a central building block to, e.g., quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping, has been mainly employed within the spatial domain [2] . A key element yet missing to enable scalable and thus real-world frequency-based implementation of quantum computation and non-classical communication, is the demonstration of Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference between independently created photons of different frequencies. To date, spectral bosonic HOM interference between single photons, produced out of the same continuous-wave (cw)-excited spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) process has been demonstrated [3] , which however does not allow scalability due to the spectral impurity inherent to the proposed approach.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)•Jun 21, 2021•0 citations

Quantum Networks: Spectral Hong–Ou–Mandel Interference between Independently Generated Single Photons for Scalable Frequency‐Domain Quantum Processing (Laser Photonics Rev. 15(5)/2021)

Anahita Khodadad Kashi, Michael Kues

The cover illustrates spectral two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between independent photon sources, as demonstrated in article number 2000464 by Anahita Khodadad Kashi and Michael Kues, central to realizing future large-scale quantum networks. Pairs of pure photons of different colors superimpose at an electro-optic frequency mixer (depicted by the bright white element) and coalesce in either of the two initial frequency modes.

Laser & Photonics Review•May 1, 2021•0 citations

Two-photon interference and entanglement control via reconfigurable quantum frequency processor

Hsuan‐Hao Lu, Joseph M. Lukens, Nicholas A. Peters +3 more

We implement a parallelized, reconfigurable processor for frequency-bin quantum states, demonstrating Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with record-high visibility and the first deterministic correlation swapping of spectrally entangled photons.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Jan 1, 2018•1 citation

Photonic quantum information processing using the frequency continuous-variable of single photons

Nicolas Fabre, Ulysse Chabaud

The celebrated Hong--Ou--Mandel effect illustrates the richness of two-photon interferometry. In this work, we demonstrate that this extends to the realm of time-frequency interferometry. Taking advantage of the mathematical analogy which can be drawn between the frequency and quadrature degrees of freedom of light when there is a single photon in each auxiliary mode, we consider the equivalent of the Hong--Ou--Mandel effect in the frequency domain. In this setting, the $n$-Fock state becomes equivalent to a single-photon state with a spectral wave function given by the $n^{th}$ Hermite--Gauss function and destructive interference corresponds to vanishing probability of detecting single photons with an order one Hermite--Gauss spectral profile. This compelling analogy motivates us to propose an interferometric strategy that uses a frequency-engineered two-photon state to achieve enhanced phase precision that scales inversely with the number of modes. Finally, we generalise the Gaussian Boson Sampling model to time-frequency degrees of freedom of single photons.

arXiv:2402.06962•Feb 10, 2024•0 citations
Abstract The photon's frequency degree of freedom, being compatible with mature telecom infrastructure, offers large potential for the stable and controllable realization of photonic quantum processing applications such as the quantum internet. The Hong–Ou–Mandel effect, as a two‐photon interference phenomenon, serves as a central building block for such frameworks. A key element yet missing to enable meaningful frequency‐based implementations as well as scalability in the number of processed photons, is the demonstration of the Hong–Ou–Mandel effect between independently created photons of different frequencies. The experimental implementation of bosonic and fermionic frequency domain Hong–Ou–Mandel interference between independently generated single photons is reported here, with measured visibilities of 74.31% ± 3.56% and 86.44% ± 8.27%, respectively. This is achieved through a scalable photonic frequency circuit that creates two post‐selected pure single photons, which undergo frequency mixing at an electro‐optic phase modulator. The system is on‐the‐fly reconfigurable allowing to probe bosonic and fermionic Hong–Ou–Mandel interference in the same experimental setup. The work demonstrates the versatility of frequency domain processing and its scalability toward higher photon numbers, which enables new quantum gate concepts as well as the establishment of frequency‐based large‐scale quantum networks.
The frequency degree-of-freedom, being compatible with well-developed omnipresent optical telecommunication infrastructure, allows for stable, controllable and scalable encoding of quantum information [1] . The HOM effect between independent photons, as a central building block to, e.g., quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping, has been mainly employed within the spatial domain [2] . A key element yet missing to enable scalable and thus real-world frequency-based implementation of quantum computation and non-classical communication, is the demonstration of Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference between independently created photons of different frequencies. To date, spectral bosonic HOM interference between single photons, produced out of the same continuous-wave (cw)-excited spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) process has been demonstrated [3] , which however does not allow scalability due to the spectral impurity inherent to the proposed approach.
The celebrated Hong--Ou--Mandel effect illustrates the richness of two-photon interferometry. In this work, we demonstrate that this extends to the realm of time-frequency interferometry. Taking advantage of the mathematical analogy which can be drawn between the frequency and quadrature degrees of freedom of light when there is a single photon in each auxiliary mode, we consider the equivalent of the Hong--Ou--Mandel effect in the frequency domain. In this setting, the nnn-Fock state becomes equivalent to a single-photon state with a spectral wave function given by the nthn^{th}nth Hermite--Gauss function and destructive interference corresponds to vanishing probability of detecting single photons with an order one Hermite--Gauss spectral profile. This compelling analogy motivates us to propose an interferometric strategy that uses a frequency-engineered two-photon state to achieve enhanced phase precision that scales inversely with the number of modes. Finally, we generalise the Gaussian Boson Sampling model to time-frequency degrees of freedom of single photons.