Detection of quantum correlations in a physical system is paramount to many cutting-edge applications in quantum information processing. We tackle the problem of inferring the entanglement from incomplete measurements by employing deep neural networks.
The quantification of the entanglement present in a physical system is of paramount importance for fundamental research and many cutting-edge applications. Now, achieving this goal requires either a priori knowledge on the system or very demanding experimental procedures such as full state tomography or collective measurements. Here, we demonstrate that, by using neural networks, we can quantify the degree of entanglement without the need to know the full description of the quantum state. Our method allows for direct quantification of the quantum correlations using an incomplete set of local measurements. Despite using undersampled measurements, we achieve a quantification error of up to an order of magnitude lower than the state-of-the-art quantum tomography. Furthermore, we achieve this result using networks trained using exclusively simulated data. Last, we derive a method based on a convolutional network input that can accept data from various measurement scenarios and perform, to some extent, independently of the measurement device.
Abstract In this study, we introduce an autonomous method for addressing the detection and classification of quantum entanglement, a core element of quantum mechanics that has yet to be fully understood. We employ a multi-layer perceptron to effectively identify entanglement in both twoand three-qubit systems. Our technique yields impressive detection results, achieving nearly perfect accuracy for two-qubit systems and over 90% accuracy for three-qubit systems. Additionally, our approach successfully categorizes three-qubit entangled states into distinct groups with a success rate of up to 77%. These findings indicate the potential for our method to be applied to larger systems, paving the way for advancements in quantum information processing applications.
Quantum computing is described as a process by which a system calculates output. Quantum physics usually refers to the smallest discrete unit of any property; the basic unit of data in quantum is the qubit; this qubit unit is equivalent to the bit unit in classical neural networks. Quantum deep learning combines quantum computing with deep learning to reduce training time for neural networks, which has proven effective in solving some intractable problems on classical computers. Quantum deep learning has proven effective in solving some intractable problems on classical computers. A quantum network can benefit from quantum informationflow because it is a more efficient framework than classical systems. Each quantum deep learning consists of a quantum gate. In this review, we provide a comprehensive review of recent studies that include different quantum deep learning applications, including healthcare, handwriting, and many others. Also, methodologies, problems, main datasets, results, strengths, limitations, and challenges are included in this review.
Quantum correlation, as an intrinsic property of quantum mechanics, has been widely employed to test the fundamental physical principles and explore the quantum-enhanced technologies. However, such correlation would be drowned and even destroyed in the conditions of high levels of loss and noise, which drops into the classical realm and renders quantum advantage ineffective. Especially in low light conditions, conventional linear classifiers are unable to extract and distinguish quantum and classical correlations with high accuracy. Here we experimentally demonstrate the classification of quantum correlation using deep learning to meet the challenge in the quantum imaging scheme. We design the convolutional neural network to learn and classify the correlated photons efficiently with only 0.1 signal photons per pixel. We show that decreasing signal intensity further weakens the correlation and makes an accurate linear classification impossible, while the deep learning method has a strong robustness of such task with the accuracy of 99.99%. These results open up a new perspective to optimize the quantum correlation in low light conditions, representing a step towards diverse applications in quantum-enhanced measurement scenarios, such as super-resolution microscope, quantum illumination, etc.
Deep quantum learning (DQL) is an emerging interdisciplinary field that bridges the realms of quantum computing and deep learning. By integrating the principles of quantum mechanics into deep neural networks, DQL seeks to harness the unique capabilities of quantum systems to revolutionize the landscape of machine learning and artificial intelligence. Quantum neural networks (QNNs) lie at the heart of DQL, utilizing quantum gates and entanglement to process classical data in quantum states. Quantum embeddings and quantum data preprocessing techniques are employed to encode classical information into quantum probability distributions, enabling quantum algorithms to manipulate classical data efficiently. Furthermore, hybrid quantum-classical optimization methods facilitate the training of QNNs by combining classical optimization techniques with quantum circuits. DQL shows great promise in solving computationally complex problems and may drive advancements in various fields, such as chemistry, optimization, and pattern recognition.
This paper proposes a novel approach to deep learning leveraging the phenomenon of quantum entanglement for enhanced training efficiency and generalization capabilities. The core idea is to construct a neural network architecture where neurons are interconnected via entangled quantum states, enabling non-local data dependency learning. We introduce a framework where input data is encoded into quantum states, subjected to quantum gate transformations, and utilizes entanglement for information propagation. This fundamentally shifts the paradigm from classical, locally-connected networks to a system exploiting inherent quantum parallelism. The theoretical underpinning of this approach suggests potential advantages in terms of computational speed and model performance, offering a new direction for deep learning research. We explore the mathematical formalization of this process, emphasizing the key components and their relationships. The primary goal is to demonstrate the feasibility and potential benefits of integrating quantum mechanics into the architecture and training of deep neural networks. The exploration focuses on the design principles and initial mathematical framework for this entanglement-based learning system. ---