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IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine

Nitrogen Vacancy-Centered Diamond Qubit: The fabrication, design, and application in quantum computing

Ya-Chi Liu, Yi‐Chung Dzeng, Chao-Cheng Ting

Published Jun 14, 2022• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum computing has gained enormous attention from both academia and industry for its capability in handling problems that challenge the limit of classical computation. It is expected to shine in areas such as artificial intelligence, financial technology, drug development, and chemical reaction modeling. The quantum bit, or qubit, is the essential unit of quantum computers (QCs), and there are different types of implementations of the qubit, such as superconductor-based qubits, trapped ion qubits, quantum dot qubits, photonic qubits, topological qubits, and nitrogen vacancy (NV) diamond qubits, which are known to be able to function at room temperature with high longevity. In this article, NV-centered diamond fabrication, qubit structure, bit control, entanglement, and decoherence, as well as the pros and cons, are briefly introduced. At the end, the status of the commercialization of NV diamond QCs and the benchmark of different types of qubits are summarized.

DOI
10.1109/mnano.2022.3175405

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Quantum computing has gained enormous attention from both academia and industry for its capability in handling problems that challenge the limit of classical computation. It is expected to shine in areas such as artificial intelligence, financial technology, drug development, and chemical reaction modeling. The quantum bit, or qubit, is the essential unit of quantum computers (QCs), and there are different types of implementations of the qubit, such as superconductor-based qubits, trapped ion qubits, quantum dot qubits, photonic qubits, topological qubits, and nitrogen vacancy (NV) diamond qubits, which are known to be able to function at room temperature with high longevity. In this article, NV-centered diamond fabrication, qubit structure, bit control, entanglement, and decoherence, as well as the pros and cons, are briefly introduced. At the end, the status of the commercialization of NV diamond QCs and the benchmark of different types of qubits are summarized.
Artificial atoms like the nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond enable the realization of fully functional qubits in a solid at room temperature. The functionalities of all the parts needed to create a quantum computer, such as quantum error correction, couplings, quantum teleportation, and a quantum repeater, have already been experimentally demonstrated. These achievements are expected to influence the industrial development of quantum information technology as well as quantum sensing. Whereas quantum sensing has been established and a large number of organizations are working on new developments in this area, a quantum computer itself remains elusive due to technical reasons and limitations of the available materials. For example, only in recent months has it become possible to electrically readout the NV spin state at the level of a single center and significantly improve the scalability of NV center production. A number of ideas have been proposed to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. This paper summarizes the status of research in the area, details the most promising concepts for development, and discusses factors limiting progress as well as the most recent developments in the field.
Nitrogen–vacancy (NV) center in diamond is one of the most promising candidates to implement room temperature quantum computing. In this review, we briefly discuss the working principles and recent experimental progresses of this spin qubit. These results focus on understanding and prolonging center spin coherence, steering and probing spin states with dedicated quantum control techniques, and exploiting the quantum nature of these multi-spin systems, such as superposition and entanglement, to demonstrate the superiority of quantum information processing. Those techniques also stimulate the fast development of NV-based quantum sensing, which is an interdisciplinary field with great potential applications.
The aim of this proposal is to demonstrate the key elements needed to construct a logical qubit in diamond by exploiting the remarkable quantum properties of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) optical centre. Specifically, the focus of the work was to address the materials and fabrication issues. We have demonstrated (i) that individual NV qubits can be fabricated by ion implantation with long coherence times (>350 microseconds at room temperature), (ii) electrical control of the optical output of each individual centre is achievable via the Stark shift, (iii) coherent population trapping of ensembles and single NV centres allowing for all-optical control of qubit operations and (iv) that waveguides, cavities and photonic band-gap structures can be fabricated in single crystal diamond. We have thus demonstrated a nanofabrication tool-kit for diamond which is sufficiently robust and mature to justify future investment in the design and implementation of a scalable quantum computing architecture for diamond.
Nowadays, the development of advanced processors plays a key role in the progress of humanity and the discovery of new sciences, and quantum computers play an essential role in this regard. In this regard, the development of new generation processors is necessary for the development of quantum computers. Quantum diamonds, with their astonishing properties, especially the presence of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in their crystalline structure, are among the most advanced emerging technologies in the field of quantum information processing. These diamonds, due to the stability of their electron spin, the ability to operate at room temperature, and the possibility of high-precision quantum control, are considered an ideal option for the development of next-generation computer processors. Central processors based on quantum diamonds have high potential in increasing computational power, reducing energy consumption, and improving quantum communication capabilities. Today, the physical and functional properties of quantum diamonds, their advantages over other quantum computing platforms, and their potential applications in the next generation of quantum processors have attracted the attention of many researchers, and efforts to develop and update the related sciences are continuously underway. This article attempts to provide a narrative review of quantum diamonds and their role in new processors, and examines the benefits and challenges.
We discuss how Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) fabrication techniques can be used to build scalable solid-state quantum computers in diamond with either room temperature operation, or low temperature operation with photonic control. For this discussion we consider nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers where the qubits are electron and/or nuclear spins. To achieve scalability the NV centers are placed in well-defined locations using ion implantation, and are controlled using optical and/or microwave excitation as well as localized static electric and/or magnetic fields.