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NATO science for peace and security series. B, Physics and biophysics

Absorption, Emission, and Vacuum Fluctuations

Markus Pollnau

Published Jan 1, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-94-024-2138-5_10

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Vacuum fluctuations play a central role in spontaneous emission. Recently, it has been suggested that these fluctuations could also be fundamental in the absorption dynamics, breaking the superposition inherent to the linear quantum evolution. We analyze the consistency of that proposal with previous results in double spontaneous emission. Moreover, for the case of single absorption by two atoms, we present a test based on the time dependence of the subsequent spontaneous emission patterns, which can experimentally settle the question. This test is more viable than the original proposal, built on the Casimir effect. Our approach also allows for the comparison between the time scales of vacuum fluctuations as a disentangling mechanism and an emission trigger.
The processes of absorption and stimulated emission are investigated via (i) energy conservation in a Fabry-Perot resonator, (ii) the Lorentz-oscillator model, and (iii) the Kramers-Kronig relations. Vacuum fluctuations are added and the relation between stimulated and spontaneous emission is clarified. It is shown that previous models start from incorrect assumptions about the physical foundations of spontaneous emission. The non-orthogonality of longitudinal optical modes in a linear resonator is investigated and its consequences for the laser linewidth are discussed. Based on these results, a semi-classical approach to the laser linewidth below, around, and above the laser threshold which is consistent with resonator theory is presented. These results also shed new light on the usually considered linewidth-narrowing and -broadening factors.
The role of vacuum fluctuations and radiation reaction in the process of spontaneous emission is examined with particular reference to the Heisenberg picture of quantum electrodynamics. In this picture the radiation reaction is found to be responsible for spontaneous emission if the equations are ordered normally. However, in the case of nonnormally ordered equations there appears to be an explicit contribution to the observable effects from vacuum fluctuations as well. We point out that this contribution from the vacuum field is an artifact of the approximation methods employed for eliminating the free-field variables from the nonnormally ordered equations These approximations are the same as those used in the master-equation approach, in which spontaneous emission appears to be due solely to the vacuum fluctuations. We show that the vacuum field does not contribute explicitly in any ordering if it is eliminated nonperturbatively and the approximation methods are invoked only after its elimination from the equations of motion.