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IEEE Access

EntangleNetSat: A Satellite-Based Entanglement Resupply Network

Bogdan-Călin Ciobanu, Voichiţa Iancu, Pantelimon George Popescu

Published Jan 1, 2022• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In the practical context of quantum networks, quantum teleportation plays a key role in transmitting quantum information. In the process of teleportation, a maximally entangled pair is consumed. Through this paper, an efficient scheme of re-establishing entanglement between different nodes in a quantum network is explored. A hybrid land-satellite network is considered, where the land-based links are used for short-range communication, and the satellite links are used for transmissions between distant nodes. This new scheme explores many different possibilities of resupplying the land nodes with entangled pairs, depending on: the position of the satellites, the number of pairs available and the distance between the nodes themselves. As to make the entire process as efficient as possible, we consider the situations of direct transmissions of entangled photons and also the transmissions making use of entanglement swapping. An analysis is presented for concrete scenarios, sustained by numerical data.

DOI
10.1109/access.2022.3185403

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In the practical context of quantum networks, quantum teleportation plays a key role in transmitting quantum information. In the process of teleportation, a maximally entangled pair is consumed. Through this paper, an efficient scheme of re-establishing entanglement between different nodes in a quantum network is explored. A hybrid land-satellite network is considered, where the land-based links are used for short-range communication, and the satellite links are used for transmissions between distant nodes. This new scheme explores many different possibilities of resupplying the land nodes with entangled pairs, depending on: the position of the satellites, the number of pairs available and the distance between the nodes themselves. As to make the entire process as efficient as possible, we consider the situations of direct transmissions of entangled photons and also the transmissions making use of entanglement swapping. An analysis is presented for concrete scenarios, sustained by numerical data.
In the practical context of quantum networks, the most reliable method of transmitting quantum information is via teleportation because quantum states are highly sensitive. However, teleportation consumes a shared maximally entangled state. Two parties Alice and Bob located at separate nodes that wish to reestablish their shared entanglement will not send entangled qubits directly to achieve this goal, but rather employ a more efficient mechanism that ensures minimal time resources. In this paper, we present a quantum routing scheme that exploits entanglement swapping to reestablish consumed entanglement. It improves and generalizes previous work on the subject and reduces the entanglement distribution time by a factor of 4 k in an arbitrary scale quantum network, where N = 4 k - 1 is a required number of quantum nodes located between source and destination. In addition, k is the greatest positive integer considered by Alice or Bob, such that afterwards they choose N quantum switches.
Quantum Information Networks (QIN) attract increasing interest, as they will enable interconnection of multiple quantum devices in a distributed organization thus enhancing intrinsic computing, sensing, and security capabilities. The core mechanism of a QIN is quantum state swapping, based on teleportation, which consumes quantum entanglement, and which can be seen in this context as a new kind of network resource. The satellite is expected to play a central role for supporting global connectivity in such novel networks in which ground fiber links have stringent restrictions in length due to the absorption losses in optical fibers. There is indeed fundamental limits in the maximal fiber links distance which may not be exceeded for any unitary links. In this paper we clarify our motivations to develop such networks with satellites, and we discuss their associated use cases based on entanglement distribution, and we present the future potential users. We also assess quantitatively the ranges for which the satellite becomes mandatory in quantum information networks.
Hybrid entanglement swapping supports the teleportation of any arbitrary states, regardless of whether the quantum information in the state is encoded in Discrete Variables (DV) or Continuous Variables (CV). In this work, we study the CV teleportation channel created between two ground receivers via direct lossy-distribution from a low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite. Such a flexible teleportation protocol has the potential to interconnect a global array of quantum-enabled devices regardless of the different intrinsic technology upon which the devices are built. However, past studies of hybrid entanglement swapping have not accounted for channel transmission loss. Here we derive the general framework for teleporting an arbitrary input mode over a lossy CV teleportation channel. We investigate the specific case where the input modes are part of DV states entangled in the photon number basis, then identify the optimal teleportation strategy. Our results show that, relative to DV photon-number entanglement sourced directly from the satellite, there are circumstances where our teleported DV states retain higher entanglement quality. We discuss the implications of our new results in the context of generating a global network of ultra-secure communications between different quantum-enabled devices which possess line-of-sight connections to LEO satellites. Specifically, we illustrate the impact the teleportation process has on the key rates from a Quantum Key Distribution protocol.
Efficient transcontinental entanglement distribution is necessary to build a global quantum network. Without quantum repeaters, distribution through optical fibers is assailed by loss and scattering, limiting the network’s reach to around 100 kilometers. This distance can be greatly extended however, by transmitting photons through free space, where the transmission falls only as the reciprocal square of the propagation distance. Our experiment aims to prove the viability of one proposed satellite intermediary scheme: a down-link architecture using entanglement swapping. In this scheme, a satellite generates a pair of entangled photons that are spectrally unentangled – and therefore able to interfere with other photons. The satellite transmits the telecom pump and the entangled telecom photons down to a station on Earth’s surface; by doing so, both channels experience the same temporal drift due to Doppler shift and dispersion. The transmitted pump can then be collected, reamplified, and used to pump a second terrestrial entanglement source. Synchronizing and interfering the satellite and terrestrial entangled, telecom photons will then swap entanglement to the unused photons. We are implementing this by pumping non-degenerate entanglement sources, which produce daughter photons at 773 nm and 1588 nm, with a 520 nm pump, generated from third harmonic generation.
Satellite-based quantum communication channels are important for ultra-long distances. Given the short duration of a satellite pass, it can be challenging to efficiently connect multiple users of a city-wide network while the satellite is passing over that area. We propose a network with dual-functionality: during a brief satellite pass, the ground network is configured as a multipoint-to-point topology where all ground nodes establish entanglement with a satellite receiver. During times when this satellite is not available, the satellite up-link is rerouted via a single optical switch to the ground nodes, and the network is configured as a pair-wise ground network. We numerically simulate a pulsed hyper-entangled photon source and study the performance of the proposed network configurations for quantum key distribution. We find favourable scaling in the case that the satellite receiver exploits time-multiplexing whereas the ground nodes utilize frequency-multiplexing. The scalability, simple reconfigurability, and easy integration with fibre networks make this architecture a promising candidate for quantum communication of many ground nodes and a satellite, an important step towards interconnection of ground nodes at a global scale.
As satellite communications continue to be an integral part of global infrastructure, they face escalating cybersecurity threats and bandwidth limitations. Traditional cryptographic methods are increasingly vulnerable due to advancements in quantum computing. Quantum teleportation, leveraging quantum entanglement and quantum key distribution, offers a transformative approach to secure satellite communications. This paper lays out the foundational principles of quantum entanglement and quantum key distribution in order to allow for a complete understanding of quantum teleportation. Key experimental milestones for quantum teleportation in space environments are also discussed, such as the Chinese Micius satellite’s achievements and Boeing’s Q4S entanglement swapping mission. The benefits and possibilities of quantum teleportation, such as reduced signal attenuation, enhanced data integrity, and bandwidth optimization are analyzed alongside technical challenges and potential limitations like atmospheric interference and system vulnerabilities. These are brought up to showcase the potential of quantum teleportation to revolutionize satellite transmissions by enhancing secure satellite communications. Current implementations, future prospects, and challenges are laid out to highlight the role of quantum teleportation in national security, data sovereignty, and establishing secure communication networks on a global, and potentially interplanetary scale.