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IEEE International Conference on Communications workshops

Satellite-to-Ground Multi-dimensional Quantum Teleportation via Orbital Angular Momentum

Ziqing Wang, Robert Malaney, Ryan Aguinaldo

Published May 16, 2022• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum information transfer via high-dimensional encoding offers many potential advantages relative to the widely adopted two-dimensional encoding scenario. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of performing satellite-to-ground quantum entanglement distribution using photonic high-dimensional encoding. Specifically, we consider pairs of photons entangled in the Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) discrete-variable bases. Through detailed simulations of the anticipated satellite-to-ground channel, we first investigate the performance of OAM entanglement distribution of varying dimensions. We then consider an application of such OAM distributed entanglement, namely, high-dimensional OAM quantum teleportation. Our work outlines, for the first time, the range of channel conditions and system configurations under which high-dimensional quantum teleportation via OAM encoding in the satellite-to-ground channel is possible.

DOI
10.1109/iccworkshops53468.2022.9814462

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Quantum information transfer via high-dimensional encoding offers many potential advantages relative to the widely adopted two-dimensional encoding scenario. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of performing satellite-to-ground quantum entanglement distribution using photonic high-dimensional encoding. Specifically, we consider pairs of photons entangled in the Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) discrete-variable bases. Through detailed simulations of the anticipated satellite-to-ground channel, we first investigate the performance of OAM entanglement distribution of varying dimensions. We then consider an application of such OAM distributed entanglement, namely, high-dimensional OAM quantum teleportation. Our work outlines, for the first time, the range of channel conditions and system configurations under which high-dimensional quantum teleportation via OAM encoding in the satellite-to-ground channel is possible.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light has been considered as a useful degree of freedom for high-capacity quantum communications. However, the practical usage of OAM within the atmospheric channel is known to be limited by turbulence-induced decoherence effects. In this work, we study the feasibility of utilizing the OAM of light in satellite-based entanglement distribution. In order to determine whether OAM entanglement could be distributed within the context of satellite-based quantum communications, we study the quantum state evolution of a pair of OAM-entangled photons that traverse independent and identically distributed satellite-to-ground atmospheric channels. Our calculations indicate the performance levels that any post-selection, or distillation, scheme must have in order to achieve useful OAM entanglement distribution via a low-Earth-orbit satellite.
In this work, we explore the feasibility of performing satellite-to-earth quantum key distribution (QKD) using the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light. Because of the fragility of OAM states the conventional wisdom is that turbulence would render OAM QKD nonviable in a satellite-to-earth channel. However, based on detailed phase screen simulations of the anticipated atmospheric turbulence we find that OAM QKD is viable in some system configurations, especially if quantum channel information is utilized in the processing of postselected states. More specifically, using classically entangled light as a probe of the quantum channel, and reasonably sized transmitter-receiver apertures, we find that nonzero QKD key rates are achievable on sea-level ground stations. We also determine the turbulence conditions under which the QKD key rate becomes effectively zero. Without using classical light probes, OAM QKD is relegated to high-altitude ground stations with large receiver apertures. Our work uses a quantitative assessment of the performance of OAM QKD from satellites to determine under what circumstances the much-touted higher dimensionality of OAM can be utilized in the context of secure communications.
Abstract Quantum teleportation lies at the heart of a variety of quantum technologies, most of which, however, focused on 2-dimensional qubit states only. A fundamental open challenge remains as to whether we can teleport multilevel qudit states with bipartite entanglement. Here, we demonstrate such a high-dimensional teleportation using photonic orbital angular momentum (OAM). We exploit “perfect vortices” for preparing high-dimensional yet maximal OAM entanglement and for performing faithful high-dimensional Bell sate measurements (HDBSM) based on sum-frequency generation. We experimentally achieve the average teleportation fidelity 0.8788±0.048 for a complete set of 3-dimensional mutually unbiased bases. More importantly, we succeed in realizing the first quantum teleportation of optical images, with the effective channel capacity κ > 100. Our scheme holds promise for future high-volume quantum image transmission.
Satellite-based quantum communications enable a bright future for global-scale information security. However, the spin angular momentum of light, currently used in many mainstream quantum communication systems, only allows for quantum encoding in a two-dimensional Hilbert space. The orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light, on the other hand, enables quantum encoding in higher-dimensional Hilbert spaces, opening up new opportunities for high-capacity quantum communications. Due to its turbulence-induced decoherence effects, however, the atmospheric channel may limit the practical usage of OAM. In order to determine whether OAM is useful for satellite-based quantum communications, we numerically investigate the detection likelihoods for OAM states that traverse satellite-to-ground channels. We show that the use of OAM through such channels is in fact feasible. We use our new results to then investigate design specifications that could improve OAM detection - particularly the use of advanced adaptive optics techniques. Finally, we discuss how our work provides new insights into future implementations of space-based OAM systems within the context of quantum communications.
The photonic Temporal Mode (TM) represents a possible candidate for the delivery of viable multidimensional quantum communications. However, relative to other multidimensional quantum information carriers such as the Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM), the TM has received less attention. Moreover, in the context of the emerging quantum internet and satellite-based quantum communications, the TM has received no attention. In this work, we remedy this situation by considering the traversal through the satellite-to-Earth channel of single photons encoded in TM space. Our results indicate that for anticipated atmospheric conditions the photonic TM offers a promising avenue for the delivery of high-throughput quantum communications from a satellite to a terrestrial receiver. In particular, we show how these modes can provide for improved multiplexing performance and superior quantum key distribution in the satellite-to-Earth channel, relative to OAM single-photon states. The levels of TM discrimination that guarantee this outcome are outlined and implications of our results for the emerging satellite-based quantum internet are discussed.
Quantum teleportation, lying at the heart of a variety of quantum technologies, has inspired a widespread of research activities, most of which focused on 2-dimensional qubit states. Multilevel systems, qudits, promise to upgrade and inspire new technical developments in high-dimensional Hilbert space. Whereas, for high-dimensional teleportation, it routinely necessitates several ancillary photons in linear optical schemes. A fundamental open challenge remains as to whether we can teleport qudit states with bipartite entanglement only. Here we demonstrate such a high-dimensional teleportation using photonic orbital angular momentum (OAM). The so-called "perfect vortices" are exploited both for conducting the prerequisite entanglement concentration to prepare high-dimensional yet maximal OAM entanglement, and for performing faithful high-dimensional Bell sate measurements (HDBSM) based on sum-frequency generation. We experimentally achieve the average teleportation fidelity 0.8788$\pm$0.048 for a complete set of 3-dimensional mutually unbiased bases, for instance, conditional on three specific HDBSM results. More importantly, we succeed in realizing the first quantum teleportation of optical images by exploring full transverse spatial entanglement. From the multi-pixel field of view in the teleported images recorded by the ICCD camera, we estimate the effective channel capacity up to \k{appa} > 100. Our scheme holds promise for future high-volume quantum image transmission.